5 research outputs found
Assessment of River Water Quality and Pollution Status Using Physicochemical and Biometrics, Awetu River, Ethiopia
No full textThe surface water is contaminated by a variety of synthetic organic and inorganic compounds, chemicals, and nutrients; due to
this reason, the quality of the water resources of Ethiopia is declining at an alarming rate, resulting in severe environmental
degradation. The main objective of the study was to recognize the pollution status river for the study area by physicochemical
parameters and the extent of microbial environmental matrices. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized
model with three composite replicates in each site, and water samples were collected from six different sampling sites using the
American Public Health Association (APHA) technique. Water quality parameters were analyzed by the standard method of
examination, whereas same examination was determined on site (in situ) (pH, Temp, Conductivity, and Turbidity), whereas
TSS, COD, BOD, nitrate, alkali, and orthophosphate were identified in the laboratory. The relationship between
physicochemical and benthos assemblages as bio indicators of ecohydrological river water quality was investigated using
Spearman’s median rank correlation. The output of the study reveals that there was a negatively significant difference in effect
between the sample and all the sites of the river. Physicochemical results of the river indicate Temp (23.62), EC (101.42),
nitrate (2.175), and orthophosphates (0.081) were below the standard guidelines; however, turbidity (8.41), BOD (784.5), and
alkali (396.5) were above the standard. Same of the water quality values for this study were ranges within the standard, DO
(5.11), and pH (7.66). The benthos assemblage communities of the ecohydrological area were more influenced by the influents,
and the macroinvertebrate index of all sample sites indicates the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices; result shows that the
river was lightly pollute
Assessment of River Water Quality and Pollution Status Using Physicochemical and Biometrics, Awetu River, Ethiopia
No full textThe surface water is contaminated by a variety of synthetic organic and inorganic compounds, chemicals, and nutrients; due to
this reason, the quality of the water resources of Ethiopia is declining at an alarming rate, resulting in severe environmental
degradation. The main objective of the study was to recognize the pollution status river for the study area by physicochemical
parameters and the extent of microbial environmental matrices. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized
model with three composite replicates in each site, and water samples were collected from six different sampling sites using the
American Public Health Association (APHA) technique. Water quality parameters were analyzed by the standard method of
examination, whereas same examination was determined on site (in situ) (pH, Temp, Conductivity, and Turbidity), whereas
TSS, COD, BOD, nitrate, alkali, and orthophosphate were identified in the laboratory. The relationship between
physicochemical and benthos assemblages as bio indicators of ecohydrological river water quality was investigated using
Spearman’s median rank correlation. The output of the study reveals that there was a negatively significant difference in effect
between the sample and all the sites of the river. Physicochemical results of the river indicate Temp (23.62), EC (101.42),
nitrate (2.175), and orthophosphates (0.081) were below the standard guidelines; however, turbidity (8.41), BOD (784.5), and
alkali (396.5) were above the standard. Same of the water quality values for this study were ranges within the standard, DO
(5.11), and pH (7.66). The benthos assemblage communities of the ecohydrological area were more influenced by the influents,
and the macroinvertebrate index of all sample sites indicates the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices; result shows that the
river was lightly polluted
The Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Rural Household Food Security in Digalu-Tijo District, Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
No full textThis research was conducted to assess the role of agricultural cooperatives in rural household food security in Digalu-Tijo District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional survey research design was used and the necessary primary data were collected from 234 households through a household questionnaire. The determined sample size was identified using a systematic random sampling technique. Similarly, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used as data collection instruments and participants were identified based on purposive sampling. Secondary data were also collected from concerned organizations, published and unpublished materials. Statistical tools like percentage, mean, standard deviation and cross-tab analysis were applied in the study as methods of analyzing the data. The result of the study revealed that agricultural cooperatives have provided different services to rural households including broad bed maker technology, fertilizer, improved seed, and agrochemicals after they joined the cooperative as a member while there were gaps in providing credit, cooperative loans, and training. It has been also found that food accessibility in rural households has increased after their membership with cooperative institutions and similar results have been found with respect to the food stability of the farmers. Therefore, from the findings, it is concluded that agricultural cooperatives play significant roles in improving rural household food security. The study recommended that the contribution of agricultural cooperatives should further strengthen through awareness creation as well as regular monitoring and evaluation
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
No full text© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17
No full textBACKGROUND: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities.METHODS: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs.FINDINGS: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4-40·7) to 50·3% (50·0-50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1-46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5-29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2-89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664-711) of the 1830 (1797-1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6-80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6-59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017.INTERPRETATION: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
