1,354,204 research outputs found
Evaluation of a new polymer for the preparation of solid dispersion of poorly soluble drugs
No full textStigma and discrimination: social encounters, identity and space; a concept derived from HIV and AIDS related research in the high prevalence country Botswana
No full textHow do social encounters conjure up stigma and discrimination? How do social identities emerge and how do people reject or integrate each other in local settings and social space? How do individuals affected build their self-identities and cope with the socially divisive effects of their stigma?
The book provides an unconventional view on the subject matter. It is based on empirical fieldwork on the social effects of HIV and AIDS in Botswana. A broad review of geographical, sociological, psychological and social psychological literature, as well as the consideration of works of applied sciences helps to lift the empirical findings to a more general and theoretical level. Different lines of theory are disentangled and integrated into a concept of stigma and discrimination. With its standpoint of pragmatist epistemology and the special focus on the spatial character of social distances the book is of interest not only for social geographers.
Both stigma and discrimination are socially highly relevant phenomena. They not only induce social segregation in such a manner that people are forced to subordinate themselves. Especially stigmatisation leads people to exclude themselves out of shame. People also refrain from seeking support from relevant services. It is therefore of elementary importance in many social fields (e.g. the public health sector, social work, etc.) to understand the processes of stigma and discrimination.
First published as: Geiselhart, Klaus (2009): The Geography of Stigma and Discrimination. HIV and AIDS Related Identities in Botswana. Saarbrücken (Studies in Development Geography, 36
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Aplanktonic zones in the Red Sea
No full textWe use micropalaeontological and stable isotope results for a series of cores from north to south through the Red Sea, to assess temporal and spatial patterns of change in planktonic foraminiferal faunas leading up to the remarkable full-glacial Red Sea aplanktonic zones. Aplanktonic zones reflect salinities in the Red Sea in excess of the lethal 49 p.s.u. limit, caused by reduced exchange transport through the Strait of Bab el Mandab due to glacial sea-level lowering. Concerning the last glacial cycle, aplanktonic conditions began at 39 ka BP in the north, where salinities eventually reached 55–57 p.s.u. Paradoxically, planktonic faunas are reported to have survived the last glacial maximum in the northern Gulf of Aqaba, suggesting a poorly understood freshwater dilution at that time. Aplanktonic conditions (S?49 p.s.u.) reached the south-central Red Sea by 22 ka BP, while planktonic foraminiferal faunas continued, albeit in very low abundances and limited diversity (S?45 p.s.u.), in the southernmost Red Sea. During marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, the 49 p.s.u. isohaline appears to have resided in the central Red Sea, between cores KL11 and MD921017. We observe a systematic sequence of species disappearances before all glacial maxima of the last 500 kyr. Absence of a logical relationship with sea levels suggests that the disappearance sequences are not related to a general salinity increase. Instead, we argue that the sequences were driven by complex reorganisations in hydrography (stratification), productivity (food availability) and subsurface oxygenation (reproduction-habitats). The onset is marked by dramatic basin-wide expansion of conditions that today are restricted to only the southern Red Sea, suggesting an expansion of the dominance of NE monsoonal circulation over the entire Red Sea. This expansion occurred 15 or more kyr before the aplanktonic zones of MIS-12, 6 and 2, and also before MIS-10 and 8, which never reach the aplanktonic stage. Regarding the last glacial cycle, this event occurred as early as 75 ka BP (MIS-4/5 boundary). After this major climatic reorganisation, we reconstruct progressive intensification of the new conditions, especially marked by northward expansion and intensification of the subsurface oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). During the last glacial cycle, a shallow and very distinct OMZ affected the central Red Sea as early as 68 ka BP, and the north as late as 55 ka BP. The OMZ expansion/intensification appears to have been interrupted by episodes of increased ventilation
Characterization of solid dispersions of carbamazepine and PEG6000/vinylcaprolactam/vinylacetate copolymer
No full textPurpose.
to investigate the solid-state properties and dissolution performances of solid dispersions of carbamazepine and a new
marketed copolymer proposed for hot melt extrusion.
Methods.
Physical mixtures [PM] were prepared by mixing in mortar and pestle for 10 min carbamazepine [CBZ, polymorphic form
III] and PEG6000/vinylcaprolactam/vinylacetate copolymer (Soluplus® BASF) in various drug/polymer ratios (1:9, 3:7, 1:1,
7:3 w/w). Co-melted formulations [CM] were prepared by heating the PM at 170°C on a hot plate for 15 min, allowing to cool at room temperature and grinding the resulting glasses in a mortar. PXRD study, DSC analysis and dissolution test
(paddle apparatus, 500mL of 0.0125% SLS solution, 37±0.5°C, 100 rpm, UV detection at 287 nm) were performed on all samples.
Results.
drug-polymer solid-state interaction, resulting in complete loss of CBZ crystallinity was found to occur in CM with
drug/polymer ratios 1:9 and 3:7 w/w. Accordingly, the glass transition recorded for these dispersions was lowered with
respect to that of the pure polymer. Non-interacted crystalline CBZ was detected in all PM as well as in 1:1 and 7:3 CM
formulations. Furthermore, non-interacted amorphous CBZ was thought to be present in the 7:3 CM formulation, resulting in
drug crystallization up on heating in the DSC experiment. As far as dissolution properties are concerned, PM presented
similar or only slightly higher dissolution rate with respect to the pure drug, whilst 1:9 and 3:7 CMF demonstrated a remarkable improvement of dissolution rate (the amount dissolved at t=10min doubled that of the pure CBZ). The 7:3 CM formulation was affected by a decreased dissolution rate probably caused by the formation of CBZ hydrate during the test.
Conclusion.
solid dispersion of CBZ with a new PEG6000/vinylcaprolactam/vinylacetate copolymer can be successfully prepared by comelting method, resulting in a high degree of drug-polymer interaction and consequently a remarkable improvement of drug
dissolution rate
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
BILIPROTEINS FROM THE BUTTERFLY Pieris brassicae STUDIED BY TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE AND COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
No full textThe fluorescence decay time of the biliverdin IX7 chromophore present in biliproteins isolated from Pieris brassicae is determined to be 44 ± 3 ps. This value suggests a cyclic helical chromophore structure. The vibrational frequencies determined by CARS-spectroscopy are compared with those of model compounds. The data confirm that the chromophore in the protein-bound state adopts a cyclic-helical, flexible conformation
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author, publisher and bookseller : a tripartite synergy in Nigerian book industry
No full textThis work is about the roles of Author, Publisher and Bookseller in Book development in
Nigeria. The paper started by delving into the history of Book Publishing in Nigeria after
which it proceeded by defining who an author, a publisher, and a bookseller is and
expatiated on the indispensable roles of these key actors in Nigerian Book Industry and in
the emerging Information Society. Furthermore, the various constraints to book
development were identified while the paper advised on how the Book Industry can be
further promoted in Nigeria. However, the paper concluded and made recommendations
on how the Book sector can help in enhancing scholarship in the country
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