1,721,038 research outputs found
Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference on Fires in Vehicles : STAVANGER, NORWAY, APRIL 24-25, 2023
No full textThese proceedings include papers and extended abstracts from the 7th International Conference on Fires in Vehicles – FIVE 2023, held in Stavanger, Norway, April 24-25, 2023. The proceedings include an overview of research and regulatory actions coupled to state-of-the-art knowledge on fire related issues in vehicles, such as passenger cars, buses, trucks and trains, or related infrastructure, such as car parks or vehicle transport at sea. Fires in transport systems are a challenge for fire experts. New fuels that are efficient and environmentally friendly are rapidly being introduced, with emphasis on high energy density batteries. This rapid development, however, introduces new fire risks not considered previously and we risk getting a situation where we do not have enough knowledge to tackle them. In this context FIVE represents an important forum for discussion of the fire problem and for exchange of ideas. Fire protection in road, rail, air, and sea transport is based on international regulations since vehicles cross borders and the safety requirements must be the same between countries. Therefore, understanding of safety and regulations must be developed internationally and the FIVE-conference has a significant role to play as a place to exchange knowledge. FIVE attracts researchers, operators, manufacturers, regulators, rescue services and other key stakeholders. Of particular value is the mix of expertise and the international participation in the conference. The conference is unique as it includes fires in different types of vehicles. In recognition of the fact that many of the fire problems faced by these vehicles are the same, the solutions to them can also be similar. In the proceedings you will find papers on vehicle fire development, bus fires, alternative fuel and electric vehicles, and car park fires. We are grateful to the renowned researchers and engineers presenting their work and to the keynote speakers setting the scene. We sincerely thank the scientific committee for their expert work in selecting papers for the conference
Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference on Fires in Vehicles : STAVANGER, NORWAY, APRIL 24-25, 2023
No full textThese proceedings include papers and extended abstracts from the 7th International Conference on Fires in Vehicles – FIVE 2023, held in Stavanger, Norway, April 24-25, 2023. The proceedings include an overview of research and regulatory actions coupled to state-of-the-art knowledge on fire related issues in vehicles, such as passenger cars, buses, trucks and trains, or related infrastructure, such as car parks or vehicle transport at sea. Fires in transport systems are a challenge for fire experts. New fuels that are efficient and environmentally friendly are rapidly being introduced, with emphasis on high energy density batteries. This rapid development, however, introduces new fire risks not considered previously and we risk getting a situation where we do not have enough knowledge to tackle them. In this context FIVE represents an important forum for discussion of the fire problem and for exchange of ideas. Fire protection in road, rail, air, and sea transport is based on international regulations since vehicles cross borders and the safety requirements must be the same between countries. Therefore, understanding of safety and regulations must be developed internationally and the FIVE-conference has a significant role to play as a place to exchange knowledge. FIVE attracts researchers, operators, manufacturers, regulators, rescue services and other key stakeholders. Of particular value is the mix of expertise and the international participation in the conference. The conference is unique as it includes fires in different types of vehicles. In recognition of the fact that many of the fire problems faced by these vehicles are the same, the solutions to them can also be similar. In the proceedings you will find papers on vehicle fire development, bus fires, alternative fuel and electric vehicles, and car park fires. We are grateful to the renowned researchers and engineers presenting their work and to the keynote speakers setting the scene. We sincerely thank the scientific committee for their expert work in selecting papers for the conference
The transportation of water reactive substances through road tunnels equipped with sprinkler system [Elektronisk resurs] : A literature review
No full textFire safety design of road tunnels
Full text linkThis thesis can be described as a journey in performance-based fire safety design. Along the way questions such as what fire safety is, how it can be measured, whether we are posing the right questions, or engineer the best solutions, have arisen. The safety journey naturally started out with the traditional view, with fire safety engineering based on limit-based design. Using this paradigm the safety problem is limited to fire safety issues, and safety levels are defined for each fire safety objective in isolation. This contradicts the basic rationale of decision-making where the best trade-off is sought between all objectives, most often by use of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). This naturally led to the second stop of the safety journey called CBA-based design where risk is exchanged as a cost factor in a cost-benefit framework. In this paradigm safety is a relative concept depending also on a few other measurable objectives. Throughout this work, the focus of the journey has been on road tunnels. Tunnels are hard physical and technical systems. However, they exist in a social reality and a complex society. During the design process many social and soft issues surface that can conflict with technical fire safety measures. The journey thus went on to acknowledge both the scientific or technical aspects of risk and social structures; the ethical and democratic aspects of risk, in a decision-making framework. This emphasizes how the problem is framed, what our objectives are, and how creative alternatives are generated and assessed. It may not even be relevant to talk about "how safe should the tunnel be" because it is subordinate to the overall decision condition, all aspects considered. In the end a design alternative is chosen that exhibit the highest utility on all objectives together, i.e. safety in balance with other objectives. For any tentative design, safety can develop in two directions; Firstly, it may be that some safety measures are too conservative or in conflict with other objectives such as cost or the environment, i.e. resources are better used elsewhere. Secondly, it may also be possible to achieve more safety; it is argued that a Vision Zero design philosophy with its emphasis on inherently safer or fail-safe systems highlight important safety qualities which are not highlighted in limit-based or CBA-based design. Along the way (a) road tunnel fire safety and risk literature were studied, (b) interviews were made with tunnel fire safety professionals (c) performance based requirements for road tunnel fire safety were derived, (d) the accuracy of tunnel fire dynamics models applied in road tunnel fire risk analysis was compared with experimental data, and (e) the design framework of fire safety engineering was critically analyzed and an alternative fire safety design framework was proposed
Policy for recycling risk management
No full textSverige och EU har idag högt ställda förväntningar och mål på en cirkulär ekonomi. Inom flera områden finns dock ett stort glapp mellan dessa mål och hur återvinningsbeslut hanteras i praktiken. Ett tidigare RE:Source projekt under 2019 identifierade flera övergripande principer och faktorer för återvinning av avfallsbeslut (Gehandler & Millgård, 2020). Denna studie är en fortsättning och argumenterar för att tvetydighet är en viktig faktor för att minska glappet mellan politiska mål och återvinning i praktiken. Tvetydighet handlar dels om tolkningen och tillämpningen av lagar och begrepp såsom vad som är avfall eller produkt, samt om hur risker och nyttor ska värderas.Sweden and the EU today have high expectations and goals for a circular economy. In several areas, however, there is a large gap between these goals and how recycling decisions are handled in practice. A previous RE:Source project in 2019 identified several overarching principles and factors for recycling waste decisions (Gehandler & Millgård, 2020). This study is a continuation and argues that ambiguity is an important factor in reducing the gap between political goals and recycling in practice. Ambiguity is partly about the interpretation and application of laws and concepts such as what is waste or product, and about how risks and benefits should be valued.RE:Source, Strategiska innovationsprogram; projektnr: 6530-09</p
Risks with hydrogen in underground facilities
No full textRISE has previously studied alternative fuels, such as batteries and gaseous fuels including liquid and compressed hydrogen (GH2). Each fuel has its unique risks. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a cryogenic fluid and is thus stored in cooled liquid form, which entails specific risks. The purpose of this report is to, based on the current state of research, map the risks of hydrogen in underground facilities in relation to conventional fuels and investigate which technical measures can be taken to reduce the risks. Unlike diesel, hydrogen (and for instance methane or gasoline) has such a low flash point that an emission can be ignited at normal temperature by a small ignition source. Hydrogen is also very buoyant, with strong diffusion and dispersion characteristics, accordingly it accumulates at high points in a subsurface environment. Hydrogen requires very low energy to ignite at or near stoichiometric mixing with air at around 30%. The lower flammability limit is, compared to other flammable fuel/air mixtures high at around 4%, which means that many smaller releases in ventilated spaces will be too lean. Explosions would require a higher hydrogen concentration, above 8% or more. In subsurface environments, containment contributes to a higher increase in pressure, as well as an increased risk of explosion for both GH2 and LH2. The handling of hydrogen underground can therefore be seen as problematic. When it comes to hydrogen as a vehicle fuel, however, there are safety measures to achieve equivalent safety with conventional vehicles. For example, the shut-off valve (mandatory in regulation) on each tank that reduces the risk of leakage, and through the development of explosion-free composite tanks (not mandatory in regulation) in the event of fire that provide a less dangerous fire scenario than a diesel or gasoline tank in case of fire. When it finally comes to transporting hydrogen, pipelines are the long-term sustainable (and safe) alternative. Transport of compressed hydrogen gives a low amount of gas per trailer and entails relatively higher risks than CNG underground, for example in tunnels. The usage of liquid hydrogen, so far, has an impressive safety record, events like BLEVE or fireballs appear to be rare. The transport of liquid hydrogen provides a larger amount of hydrogen per trailer (than for compressed hydrogen) with a relatively lower risk than, for example, LNG in the open, but a slightly higher risk for explosion of accumulated gas compared to GH2 in enclosed spaces. The safety requirements for transport of compressed hydrogen are less stringent than for road vehicles, e.g., with regard to shut-off valves and melt-fuses and could be improved. Several risk mitigation measures for tunnels and other underground facilities have been identified.Finansierat av RISE Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC)</p
Policyutveckling av riskhantering för återvinning av avfall [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textSverige och EU har idag högt ställda förväntningar och mål på en cirkulär ekonomi. Inom flera områden finns dock ett stort glapp mellan dessa mål och hur återvinningsbeslut hanteras i praktiken. Ett tidigare RE:Source projekt under 2019 identifierade flera övergripande principer och faktorer för återvinning av avfallsbeslut (Gehandler & Millgård, 2020). Denna studie är en fortsättning och argumenterar för att tvetydighet är en viktig faktor för att minska glappet mellan politiska mål och återvinning i praktiken. Tvetydighet handlar dels om tolkningen och tillämpningen av lagar och begrepp såsom vad som är avfall eller produkt, samt om hur risker och nyttor ska värderas.Sweden and the EU today have high expectations and goals for a circular economy. In several areas, however, there is a large gap between these goals and how recycling decisions are handled in practice. A previous RE:Source project in 2019 identified several overarching principles and factors for recycling waste decisions (Gehandler & Millgård, 2020). This study is a continuation and argues that ambiguity is an important factor in reducing the gap between political goals and recycling in practice. Ambiguity is partly about the interpretation and application of laws and concepts such as what is waste or product, and about how risks and benefits should be valued.</p
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