4,019 research outputs found
Tra la Cassino-Gargano e la Salerno (o Eboli)-Lucera: il ruolo dell'area garganica nelle dinamiche di tensione diatopica dell'area alto-meridionale
No full textIl contributo evidenzia la situazione di frammentazione linguistica dell'area alto-meridionale, mettendo in luce il particolare ruolo dell'area garganica, area di confluenza dei fasci d'isoglosse Cassino-Gargano e Salerno (o Eboli)-Lucera, importanti linee di separazione tipologica all'interno della macroarea alto-meridionale
PROBLEMATICHE FITOPATOLOGICHE DEGLI ALBERI MONUMENTALI
No full textLa fase di senescenza, lo stress e/o gli stati di sofferenza fisiologica degli alberi monumentali sono tra le principali cause dell’insediamento dei “patogeni di debolezza” o “opportunistici”, di difficile monitoraggio in quanto presentano una lunga fase asintomatica all’interno dei tessuti delle piante (Anselmi et al., 1999). Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not.) Kuntze (Xylariaceae) è un patogeno di debolezza ad habitus endofitico, polifago, che si riscontra frequentemente su piante deperenti o morte di molte specie del genere Quercus L. (Henriques et al. 2014). Un altro “patogeno di debolezza”, che si riscontra frequentemente su alberi senescenti, è Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker (Botryosphaeriaceae), ascomicete responsabile della morte di numerose angiosperme e gimnosperme (Krai et al., 2013). Tra le tracheomicosi che colpiscono gli esemplari vetusti di olmo si ricordano Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf. e l’aggressivo O. novo-ulmi Brasie (Ophiostomataceae), responsabili della “grafiosi dell’olmo” che causa la defogliazione anticipata, il disseccamento della chioma, il ripiegamento a uncino dei rami giovani e l’imbrunimento della circonferenza
dei rami o del tronco (Brasier, 1991). Uno dei problemi più rilevanti è rappresentato dall’azione degli agenti di marciume radicale ed in particolare di Armillaria mellea Vahl) P. Kumm. (Physalacriaceae), Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (Bondarzewiaceae) e di varie specie di Ganoderma P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae) quali Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., G. adspersum (Schulzer) Donk e G.
applanatum (Pers.) Pat. (Hibbet& Thorn, 2001). Tra i micromiceti, uno degli agenti di cancro più diffusi sui cipressi monumentali è Seiridium cardinale (W.W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I.A.S. Gibson (Pestalotiopsidaceae). Per quanto riguarda i macromiceti agenti di carie è possibile riscontrare numerose specie che si insediano su differenti alberi monumentali: Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (Hymenochaetaceae) su Quercus ilex L., Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. (Fomitopsidaceae) su Pinus pinea
L., Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. ((Hymenochaetaceae) su Populus nigra L., il raro Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. (Hericiaceae) su Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. (Fistulinaceae) su Castanea sativa Mill. Tra i funghi che degradano il legno degli alberi monumentali agendo sia da saprotrofi che da patogeni ricordiamo Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill (Fomitopsidaceae) che è possibile riscontrare su Ceratonia siliqua L. e su Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Molto comuni su
aceri, querce, faggi, castagni e pini monumentali sono i saprotrofi Schizophyllum commune Fr. (Schizophyllaceae) e Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. (Stereaceae). Sugli olivi secolari prevale la presenza di Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer (Omphalotaceae) che si sviluppa da saprotrofo sulle radici marcescenti e sulle ceppaie. La notevole diversità di specie fungine che degradano il legno degli alberi monumentali (Venturella et al., 2011) richiede massima attenzione nel mantenimento dell’equilibrio dell’albero vetusto e
del suo habitat ed un approccio multidisciplinare per la gestione di questo importante patrimonio forestale
Antioxidant properties, total phenolic and flavonoid content of different extracts of the medicinal mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii, Leccinum scabrum, Leccinum versipelle and Pisolithus tinctorius
No full textMushrooms consumption is increasing thanks to the presence in their composition of numerous bioactive compounds. As functional foods, mushrooms, represent a valid alternative to other foodstuff, for a balanced healthy nutrition for both humans and animals [1]. Medicinal mushrooms, represent a rich source of antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and polysaccharides. In this survey, four species of medicinal mushrooms, Pisolithus tinctorius, Pleurotus eryngii, Leccinum scabrum, and L. versipelle were compared for their antioxidant activity and for the content of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Three different extracts were prepared for each mushroom using hot water (HW), ethanol (EtOH), and ethyl acetate (EA) as solvents for extraction. Each extract was tested for free radical scavenging activity, with different concentrations (from 20 mg/mL to 0.1 mg/mL), using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The radical scavenging activity was calculated as percentage of inhibition (%) measuring the absorbance of the blank at 517 nm and the absorbance of the extract sample. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was used as a positive control. All mushrooms extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, but P. tinctorius showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity for all the tested extracts and at all the concentration, with values ranging from 89.6±1.5 to 55.6±0.7 %, from 91.4±1.1 to 61.4±1.2 % and from 90.9±1.5 to 10.9±1.0% for HW, EtOH and EA, respectively.
Total phenols of extracts were determined according to the Folin-ciocalteu’s assay [2]. The absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 760 nm. The content of total phenols was calculated based on the calibration curve of Gallic acid and results were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of mushroom extract. P. tinctorius exhibited the highest values of total phenolic content for HW and EtOH extract with value of 63.9±0.9, 71.6±0.4 GAE/g, respectively, while
L. scabrum and L. versipelle showed the highest values for AC extract (20.7±0.620.6±0.3 GAE/g, respectively). The quantification of total flavonoid content was conducted following the methodology of Kaewnarin et al., 2008, partially modified [3]. Absorbance was measured at 415 nm and the total flavonoid contents were calculated using a calibration curve of quercetin (QE) equivalents. Results were expressed as mg QE equivalents per gram of mushroom extract. P. eryngii EA extract showed the highest content of flavonoids (65.80±0.85 QE/g), while L. scabrum exhibited the highest values both for HW (17.70±1.13 QE/g) and EtOH (39.85±1.34
QE/g) extracts. Considering the high value of total phenolic compounds, but not of flavonoids, these results suggest that the highest antioxidant activity of P. tinctorius is probably due to other molecules which were not taken into consideration in this investigation, but which need further study in the future. In general, all four tested species exhibited good radical scavenging activity and therefore the possibility of being used as a functional food with high antioxidant properties
O curso de licenciatura em educação física da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina: suas concepções de ensino e de educação física
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Centro de Educação Fisica e Desporto
Composition and antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae and P. eryngii var. elaeoselini
No full textThe basidiomycetes Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae Lanzi and P. eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella et al., belong to the P. eryngii species complex, acting as facultative
biotrophs in association with Ferula communis L. and Elaeoselinum asclepium L. (Apiaceae), respectively. Together with other species of Pleurotus, the consumption of these fungi has rapidly increased in recent decades, not only thanks to their nutritional properties and pleasant flavour, but also for their bioactive and medicinal properties. Recent studies on P. eryngii var. elaeoselini and P. eryngii var. ferulae,
showed that they exhibited important medicinal properties such as antioxidant activity and in vitro antitumor effect on human colon cancer cell lines (HCT116), respectively [1-2]. A qualitative study to clarify the chemical composition of the hydroalcoholic extracts of these two mushrooms was carried out by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The analyses carried out allowed the identification of some secondary metabolites belonging to different chemical classes.
In fact, phenolic compounds, triterpenes and triterpenoids, medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, polysaccharide and monosaccharide compounds have been found, as well as the presence of proteins, peptides and lectins. The highlighted composition agrees with previous literature data regarding the chemical composition of these fungal extracts [3-5]. Their potential antimicrobial activity against some phytopathogenic microorganisms was then evaluated. The antibacterial activity was
assessed against Xanthomonas campestris and Pseudomonas viridiflava, responsible for numerous pathologies affecting food crops of great interest (kiwi, tomato, melon, aubergine, pepper, rice, lemon, broccoli, cabbage), characterized by leaf spots, rotting and rust. The antifungal activity was evaluated against the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Cadophora spp., Monilinia laxa and M. frutticola, for the appearance
of mold and rot on numerous food plant species (vine, apricot, peach, almond, cherry). The results obtained can be useful for expanding the knowledge on the possible use of these fungal species in the agricultural sector
Contributo alla conoscenza del genere Tamarix L. nell'Isola del Giglio (Arcipelago Toscano)
No full textGli Autori, sulla base di una revisione dei campioni d'erbario depositati presso l'Università di Firenza e di personali raccolte, forniscono un contributo alla conoscenza delle tamerici dell'Isola del Giglio e propongono una chiave di identificazione dei taxa censiti
Architettura delle Acque/Architecture of Water
No full textLa politica delle opere pubbliche nella Roma del XV secolo.Water Supplies and Papal policy in 15th Century Rome
Confronto anatomico e micromorfologica tra Ficus microcarpa L., F. nitida Thumb. e F. retusa L. ( Moraceae)
No full textMedicinal Properties of Mediterranean Oyster Mushrooms: Species of Genus Pleurotus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
No full textThe term “Mediterranean area,” applied in this chapter, refers to the definition reported in Med-Checklist and particularly to all countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea plus Portugal, Bulgaria, the Crimea (Ukraine), and Jordan. The “Mediterranean oyster mushrooms” is a geographically and ecologically well-defined group of Basidiomycetes. The medicinal properties of some widely investigated species such as Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii are recognized worldwide, while in the case of some other Mediterranean Pleurotus taxa, there is still a lack of knowledge. A substantial increase in knowledge about the anticancer and antibacterial properties of the group of Pleurotus species growing as saprophytes on dead roots of plants of family Apiaceae (P. nebrodensis, P. eryngii var. elaeoselini, P. eryngii var. ferulae in particular) has been recorded in recent years, thanks to research carried out at the University of Palermo (Italy). This chapter summarizes the latest research on medicinal oyster mushrooms growing in the Mediterranean environment
Fungal biodiversity in old-growth forests of Sicily: preliminary results
No full textAccording to several authors an old-growth forest in Italy is a natural forest in which human disturbance is absent or negligible, and in which natural dynamics create a mosaic of all the forest regeneration phases, including the senescing one. Such phase is characterized by large old trees, deadwood (snags logs and coarse woody debris) and a vascular plant species composition that is consistent with the bio-geographical context and it includes highly specialized taxa related to the small-scale disturbance and the microhabitats resulting from structural heterogeneity. Unmanaged forests are the main refugee for rare and endangered species, including fungi. In Sicily, 472 hectares were recognized as old-growth forests, mainly distributed in regional natural parks, reserves, Site of Community Importance (SCI) and, Special Protection Areas (SPA). Investigation was carried out in “Bosco Pomieri”, an old-growth forest included in the Madonie Park (Northern Sicily). In 2013, a multidisciplinary research team started to evaluate vascular plant and cryptogam diversity, and also carried out plant physiology tests and environmental monitoring. The “Bosco Pomieri” is a mixed oak wood characterized by the presence of many old trees of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. subsp. austrothyrrenica Brullo, Guarino & Siracusa and a dense shrub layer with Ilex aquifolium L. The forest area is also characterized by Fagus sylvatica L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., A. obtusatum W. & K., Ulmus glabra Huds., Sorbus torminalis L., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., and, sporadically, Quercus cerris L. and Q. pubescens s.l. Shrubby species, such as Daphne laureola L., Crataegus laciniata Ucria, Ruscus aculeatus L. and, Rhamnus catharticus L., are also included in the investigated area. Fungi are currently represented by 62 saprotrophs and mycorrhizal species (59 Basidiomycetes and 3 Ascomycetes) belonging to 34 genera of 21 families. The most represented genera are Boletus (12 taxa, 19.4 %), Russula (6 taxa, 9.7 %), Lactarius and Cortinarius (4 taxa, 6.5 %). As regards ecological categories (sensu Arnolds) the preliminary results of investigation carried out in “Bosco Pomieri” showed the following figures: 8 taxa (12.9 % of total recorded fungi) belong to terrestrial saprotrophs (St), 42 taxa (67.7 %) are ectomycorrhizal species (Em), 6 taxa (9.7 %) belong to lignicolous saprotrophs (Sh), 2 taxa (3.2 %) are necrotrophic parasites (Pn) and, 4 taxa (6.5 %) could not be attributed to any ecological category sensu Arnolds and are here reported as unknown (UNK). Preliminary data analysis confirms the interpretation on the need to develop for old-growth forests long-term partnerships among professional mycologists, resource managers and other scientists, and to apply mycological expertise to complex species and habitat conservation issues in an interdisciplinary setting.
Acknowledgements: Financial support by University of Palermo (2012-ATE-0496, FFR projects) is gratefully acknowledged
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