1,721,043 research outputs found
Overcoming Automatic Behavioral Tendencies in Approach‐Avoidance Conflict Decisions
No full textAdequate control over automatic responses to affective stimuli is crucial for adaptive goal-oriented behavior. However, it remains unclear how individuals overcome automatic approach-avoidance tendencies to appetitive and aversive stimuli. Here we examined free versus forced approach-avoidance decisions to four conditioned stimuli (CSs), which were previously paired with either a single aversive (avCS+) or appetitive outcome (appCS+), both (i.e., conflicting) outcomes (confCS+), or no outcome (neuCS-). These CSs were presented in an anticipation phase before participants could use a joystick to either approach and obtain CS-specific outcomes or avoid without getting anything. Response times, subjective ratings, heart rate, and eye-tracking data were recorded in N = 75 participants. Results revealed that for single outcomes, concordant responses (e.g., avoidance to the avCS+) were faster than forced discordant responses (e.g., approach to the avCS+). During anticipation, gaze fixations shifted towards the spatial location associated with the concordant response for single-outcome stimuli (e.g., upward for avoidance of avCS+). Conflicting stimuli elicited intermediate behavioral and gaze patterns at the group level, while exploratory analyses revealed substantial individual differences: High avoiders (i.e., participants showing an overall high proportion of avoidance) exhibited slower approach responses and greater threat-focused visual attention compared to low avoiders. Decreased heart rate in response to all CSs suggests a general preparation of behavioral responses, while increased pupil dilation during the anticipation of aversive stimuli indicates threat-related processing. These findings suggest that competing outcomes can amplify individual differences in motivational salience and therefore might inspire clinical interventions focused on inhibiting disorder-specific behavioral tendencies
Motivational control of habits: A preregistered fMRI study
No full textAbstract Habitual action is typically distinguished from goal-directed action by its insensitivity to changes in reward value. There is an ongoing discussion whether this insensitivity is an intrinsic design feature of habits or, rather, a function of the cognitive system that controls these action tendencies. Our preregistered study investigated this issue using functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain activity before and after a reward devaluation in an outcome-selective Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm. Based on the expected-value-of-control theory, it was hypothesized that neural activity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) would increase during the presentations of Pavlovian cues associated with a devalued outcome, reflecting increased control allocation in situations predictive of a devalued reward. The behavioral results confirmed an outcome-selective PIT effect that was abolished by devaluing the associated outcome. Contrary to our hypothesis, neuroimaging data revealed that dACC activity decreased during presentations of the associated cue. A comparable reduction was also observed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the putamen. These findings suggest that the current reward value was accessed during the transfer tests and that devaluation of the action outcome did not enhance cognitive control over associated response tendencies. The study plan and data analyses were peer-reviewed prior to data collection by Peer Community In: Registered Reports (PCI:RR). The Preregistered Stage 1 protocol is available at https://osf.io/k8ygb (date of in-principle acceptance: February 8, 2022; https://rr.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=140). The Stage 2 report was recommended after peer review by PCI:RR at https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.rr.101079 (date of recommendation: July 8, 2025)
Visuo-tactile congruency influences the body schema during full body ownership illusion
Full text linkPrevious research showed that full body ownership illusions in virtual reality (VR) can be robustly induced by providing congruent visual stimulation, and that congruent tactile experiences provide a dispensable extension to an already established phenomenon. Here we show that visuo-tactile congruency indeed does not add to already high measures for body ownership on explicit measures, but does modulate movement behavior when walking in the laboratory. Specifically, participants who took ownership over a more corpulent virtual body with intact visuo-tactile congruency increased safety distances towards the laboratory's walls compared to participants who experienced the same illusion with deteriorated visuo-tactile congruency. This effect is in line with the body schema more readily adapting to a more corpulent body after receiving congruent tactile information. We conclude that the action-oriented, unconscious body schema relies more heavily on tactile information compared to more explicit aspects of body ownership
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Der Trade-Off-Effekt von negativen Emotionen auf die Erinnerungsleistung : zugrunde liegende Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse und neuronale Korrelate
No full textStudien zum emotionalen Gedächtnis haben gezeigt, dass bei negativem Kontext differnzierte Effekte auf die Gedächtnisleistung für Details eines Erlebnisses festzustellen sind. Bei einem negativem Kontext werden Details besser erinnert, wenn sie von zentraler Relevanz sind, während periphere Details schlechter erinnert werden (für Reviews, siehe Christianson, 1992; Kensinger, 2009; Levine & Edelstein, 2009; Mather & Sutherland, 2011; Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). Der emotionale trade-off Effekt wird in verhaltensbasierten Studien und in Studien zu neuronalen Korrelaten gemeinhin mit Unterschieden in der Aufmerksamkeit begründet (Christianson, 1992; Adolphs et al., 2005; Kensinger et al., 2007; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Kensinger, 2009; LaBar & Cabeza, 2006; Mather et al., 2006; Phelps, 2006). Bei negativem Kontext, so die verbreitete Begründung, fokussiere sich die Aufmerksamkeit verstärkt auf zentrale Informationen, während periphere Informationen weniger fokussiert würden und dies bewirke den emotionalen trade-off bei der Erinnerungsleistung.
Unser Interesse galt der Untersuchung der trade-off Effekte und möglichen Erklärungen dieser Effekte durch Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse und neuronale Korrelate. Dabei war ein zentrales Anliegen die Generalisierbarkeit von experimentellen Befunden auf lebensechte Ereignisse. Daher haben wir 13 negative und 13 neutrale Bildergeschichten entwickelt und Probanden zur inzidenziellen Enkodierung dargeboten. Blickbewegungen wurden mit einem Eye-Tracker aufgezeichnet und neuronale Aktivität wurde ebenfalls erfasst. Erinnerungsleistung wurde anhand von zentralen und peripheren Objekten aus den Bildergeschichten getestet und zudem wurden Nacherzählungen der Bildergeschichten ausgewertet. Erwartungsgemäß wurden negative Bildergeschichten als erregender und negativer beurteilt. Ebenso zeigte sich mit einer signifikanten Interaktion zwischen Emotion (negativ vs. neutral) und Relevanz (zentral vs. peripher) der emotionale trade-off Effekt in der Gedachtnisleistung. Entgegen der allgemeinen Annahme scheint der emotionale trade-off Effekt jedoch nicht durch Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse mediiert zu sein. Analysen der Blickbewegungen legen dagegen folgenden Befund nahe: der prädiktive Zusammenhang von Aufmerksamkeitsparametern (während der Enkodierung der Bildergeschichten) für die spätere Erinnerungsleistung von zentralen und peripheren Details nimmt ab, je negativer Bildergeschichten erlebt werden. Im Gegensatz zur Mediationshypothese deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die trade-off Effekte in neuronalen Unterschieden während der inzidenziellen Enkodierung begründet sind. Diese Unterschiede scheinen primär mit der Verarbeitung von sozialen Kognitionen zusammenzuhängen und verweisen auf die Bedeutung von öklogisch validen Experimenten.In our studies we aimed to replicate enhancing effects negative emotion has on memory for an experience per se, for plot-relevant information and for central details, as well, as for diminishing effects negative emotion has on memory for details irrelevant to the plot of picture stories (cf., Christianson, 1992; Kensinger, 2009; Levine & Edelstein, 2009; Mather & Sutherland, 2011; Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). We furthermore aimed to investigate the role of attentional processing and the neural bases of these effects. Not many previous experimental studies have used narrative stimuli to explicitly test effects of negative emotion on memory for different kind of information (Adolphs et al., 2005; Burke et al., 1992; Christianson, 1984; Christianson & Loftus, 1987; Heuer & Reisberg, 1990; Laney, Campbell, Heuer & Reisberg, 2004; Loftus et al., 1987; Wessel, van der Kooy & Merckelbach, 2000) and some of these studies did not confirm both effects (Laney et al., 2004; Loftus et al., 1987; Wessel et al., 2000). Moreover, the neural basis of these effects is largely unexplored especially regarding ecologically more complex stimuli with a narrative structure. We developed a set of divers, thematically driven picture stories with relevant and irrelevant test details appearing naturally within these stimuli and analyzed affective ratings, physiological responses, eye movements, recognition memory, free recall memory and neural activity of incidental encoding these picture stories, as well, as neural activity during the recognition memory test.
13 Negative and 13 neutral picture stories differed distinctly in participants' ratings regarding valence and arousal and explicit affective ratings corresponded to pronounced differences in neural activity. More activity for negative picture stories was found in emotion processing areas and we found increased allocation of resources to areas known to be involved in bottom-up and top-down driven allocation of attention, processing of faces and bodies, interpreting goal-directed movements, action observation and in areas known to be involved in processing higher order social cognitions, like empathy, theory of mind and moral judgments. In light of the notion, that narrative coherent structures of experiences and especially the dimension "meaning" strongly predict whether a real-life experience will be remembered after many years (cf., Brown & Kulik, 1977; Kızılöz & Tekcan, 2013; Peterson et al., 2014; Reese et al., 2011), our results in neural activity of viewing picture stories suggest that the differences substantially reflect enhanced allocation of resources "to make sense" of given visual input with regard to those aspects or dimensions. Affective ratings and the complex differences in neural processing of social information were correspondingly related to findings in free recall data. We could show that stimuli per se were more probably remembered after a retention delay of one day, when they depicted emotionally negative narrations. Free recall memory data moreover revealed that negative picture stories were reported with more information regarding persons and their actions but less information were reported regarding "any other" information. Additionally memories of negative picture stories were rated to be more detailed and more vivid.
We furthermore investigated differential effects of negative emotion on memory for specific details of differing relevance and the assumed mediative role of attentional processing. By measuring eye-movements we could analyze the impact of relevance on attentinoal processing of narrative stimuli and we could show that the above described differences between viewing negative vs. neutral picture stories (in affective ratings, neural processing and free recall memory) were related to emotion specific pattern in attentional processing of stimuli. Participants spent more than 30% of the duration looking at the persons of the picture stories but participants showed more proportional viewing time of people from negative stories. However, this difference amounted only to about 4% of the total proportional viewing time. Interesting to memory for specific details, attentional processing of relevant vs. irrelevant objects varied as a function of centrality and of emotion × centrality. Objects of central relevance were fixated for much longer, than comparable objects that were not relevant for the stories. About 20% of proportional viewing time was given to attentional processing of the most important object of the picture stories, while only 5% of the duration was given to the irrelevant objects. Emotional context was additionally affecting processing of central items. While 24% of the duration was given to the relevant objects when they were part of a neutral picture-story (e.g., a cup, an apple, a tennis-racket), were plot-relevant item of negative stories (e.g., a belt, a set of keys, a skate- roller) attended to for a much shorter duration (16%). But, although central relevant items of negative contexts were less looked at, they were nevertheless remembered equally well in the recognition task. And with smaller effects, we found that although peripheral objects of negative and neutral stories were attended to for about the same time, negative peripheral objects were remembered worse. Thus, we found that the pattern of results regarding attentional processing did not correspond to the pattern of results in recognition memory. Trail based hierarchical regression analyses additionally suggested that the amount of attentional processing was not mediating the differential effects of negative emotion on memory. Regression analyses instead suggested the following effects of negative emotion and of relevance on the relationship of attention and later memory of naturally embedded objects derived from visual narratives: the role of attentional processing for later memory depends on relevance and on emotional context but not on their interaction. Memory for non-human but very relevant information seems to depend less on attentional processing at incidental encoding compared to more attention- dependent memory regarding irrelevant information. And driven by effects of negative emotion, recognition memory of relevant objects is ensured well and recognition memory of irrelevant objects is diminished, both more independent of proportional viewing time at incidental encoding. These assumptions about the role of attention for memory as a function of relevance and of emotion were additionally supported by corresponding differences in neural processing at retrieval. We obtained significantly enhanced bilateral hippocampal activity at retrieval related to more attention-independent successful incidental encoding of details derived from negative picture stories and related to attentionally more dependent successful incidental encoding of details derived from neutral picture stories.
That attention is driving the effects of negative emotion on memory for relevant vs. irrelevant information has been a prominent explanation in discussions about differential effects of emotion on memory and was initially assumed regarding findings on eyewitness testimonies and on the so called “weapon-focus” effect (Loftus et al., 1987). Research on sensory processing as an interaction of the environment and the observer has accumulated detailed understanding about how we process information given limited capacity to deal with the amount of permanently emerging information. Attention is a primary characteristic within the competitive process to select the most relevant information at any point in time (Desimone & Duncan, 1995). This results in the familiar experience of daily life, dealing with information in a serial nature, consciously processing only a restricted fraction of available information. In attention research the serial nature of visual scene analysis is often likened by a “spotlight” metaphor (A. Treisman G. & Gelade, 1980). This behaviorally crucial role of attention to selectively allocate cognitive resources to be consciously accessed is generally understood to be driven by a top-down system reflecting executive control over deployment of attention and a bottom-up system compressing and filtering sensory information for saliency (Itti & Koch, 2001). Salient stimuli are infrequent or of instinctive or learned importance. Within this framework an understanding has been established regarding the role of emotion in biasing the processing of incoming sensory information (e.g., Pourtois, Schettino, & Vuilleumier, 2013). Based on more specific research on the differential effects of negative emotion regarding memory for details, some theories (Kensinger, 2009; Levine & Edelstein, 2009; Mather & Sutherland, 2011) have been proposed to integrate findings of enhanced memory for central details and reduced memory for peripheral information, when the context of incidental encoding is negative. In the ABC theory, a framework about "arousal-biased competition in perception and memory", Mather & Sutherland (2011) explain divergent findings of enhanced memory for central details and reduced memory for peripheral information into fundamental assumptions of basic research. Arousal is understood as a factor increasing both, top-down and bottom-up processes to selectively allocate cognitive resources to (internal and external) information of relevance. Thus arousal affects the competition between different information by increased processing of high priority information and decreased processing of low priority information. Importantly however, distinctions have to be drawn between attentional processes and further processes when explaining arousal related increased prioritizing of (relevant vs. irrelevant) information and the effects on subsequent memory. We could show that neural processes linked to processing information of social relevance – and not proportional viewing time – were involved in arousal induced increased prioritization regarding later memory. Results of previous brain lesion studies (Adolphs et al., 2005; Adolphs et al., 2001) suggested the involvement of the amygdala in driving the trade-off effects of negative emotion on memory for details of picture-stories. Imaging studies using more artificial stimuli also suggested differences in neural processes of the amygdala and furthermore differences in neural processes related to regions for focused attention and visual processing (Kensinger et al., 2007; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Mather et al., 2006; Waring & Kensinger, 2011). Experimental research may consider more the ecological validity of findings on emotional memory by inducing experiences based on stimuli where social information is embedded in a complex but coherently related narrative structure. With reference to findings based on narrative stimuli, Mather & Sutherland (2011) point out, that events which "have an overarching theme or narrative, the gist or schema is likely to be more salient and have more relevance than the details" (p. 124), thus strengthening representation of those information which are more related to a narration including enhanced memory for details of central relevance and reduced memory for peripheral information. In light of these assumptions, it seems essential to determine what the relevance of stimuli is and to consider differences between controlled stimuli and real-life events (cf., Levine & Edelstein, 2009). Our findings in brain imaging data related to processing negative vs. neutral, thematically driven picture stories suggest, that ecologically valid reasons for the differential effects of negative emotion on memory for relevant vs. irrelevant details are rather to be found in enhanced allocation of resources to process higher-order social cognitions
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Emotionale Modulation von Gedächtnisenkodierung und Abruf im Tatwissentest
No full textThe Concealed Information Test (CIT) is an implicit memory test, using multiple-choice questions to detect crime-related knowledge (Lykken, 1959, 1998). The single answer options presented after a question should be equally plausible and undistinguishable for an innocent person. Therefore, only a guilty person would recognize the correct answer option (i.e., the relevant detail) and accordingly show increased skin conductance responses, accompanied by decreased cardiovascular and respiration responses (Gamer et al, 2006). A huge amount of studies reported the CIT to detect concealed information with a high validity (Ben-Shakhar & Elaad, 2003). Nevertheless, the external validity of the CIT is still debated (Honts, 2004) and especially the influence of emotional factors on the memory for relevant details of a crime is unclear. Basic research in emotional memory reported an advantage for emotional arousing compared to neutral information (e.g., Kensinger, 2009). Moreover, emotional arousal was reported to increase memory for central details at expense of memory for peripheral details (cf., Christianson, 1992).
The current thesis aimed to investigate the CIT under laboratory conditions that stronger approximate real-life settings compared to previous studies (e.g., encoding of relevant details only incidentally during the mock-crime). In addition, the influence of emotional factors on the encoding of relevant details of a crime and their retrieval during the CIT were examined in further detail. Therefore, multiple approaches (i.e., autonomic response measures, eye-tracking, neuroimaging) were used to investigate these issues.
In the first study, the amount of emotional arousal during the mock-crime and the time of the CIT investigation were manipulated, as well as the type of relevant details (i.e., central versus peripheral details of the mock-crime). In addition to the traditionally used autonomic measures, ocular responses were recorded during a CIT that was conducted immediately after the mock-crime or two weeks later. The current results revealed that emotional arousal strengthened the autonomic responses during a delayed CIT, when asking for central aspects of the mock-crime. Additionally, ocular measures were able to detect concealed information on central details in specific time intervals.
The second study of the current thesis investigated the influence of the encoding context (i.e., criminal versus non-criminal, enactment versus intention) on the retrieval of relevant details during a CIT using fMRI. Therefore, three groups were investigated with the same CIT: guilty subjects who committed a mock-crime (ACT), guilty subjects who only planned a mock-crime (PLAN), innocent subjects who encoded the relevant details in an non-criminal context (INNOCENT). In line with previous research (cf., Gamer, 2011b), a ventral fronto-parietal brain network was found to detect memory for known relevant details and no group differences in brain activation in these ROIs were found.
In sum, memory for relevant details was found to drive the physiological responses during the CIT. Independent of the encoding context, the recognition of relevant details during an fMRI-based CIT increased the activity in a ventral fronto-parietal brain network. However, increased emotional arousal during information encoding was found to modulate the autonomic responses during the CIT. This effect was especially pronounced for central crime details in a delayed CIT investigation. This finding further supports the external validity of the CIT. Overall, emotional arousal is not necessary for detection of concealed information in the CIT, but can increase the detection accuracy under specific conditions.Der Tatwissentest (TWT) ist ein impliziter Gedächtnistest, der Multiple-Choice Fragen nutzt um verheimlichtes Wissen aufzudecken (Lykken, 1959, 1998). Die einzelnen Antwortoptionen sind gleich wahrscheinlich für Unschuldige. Nur ein Täter sollte die korrekte Antwortalternative (das relevante Tatdetail) erkennen und einen Anstieg in der Hautleitreaktion sowie eine Verminderung der kardiovaskulären und respiratorischen Reaktion zeigen (Gamer et al., 2006). Viele Studien belegen die kriterienorientierte Validität Gültigkeit des TWT (Ben-Shakhar & Elaad, 2003), trotzdem wurde seine externe Validität diskutiert (Honts, 2004). Besondere der Einfluss emotionaler Faktoren ist in diesem Zusammenhang unklar. Grundlagenwissenschaftliche Studien berichten einen Vorteil für emotionale im Vergleich zu neutralen Gedächtnisinhalten (vgl., Kensinger, 2009). Zudem scheint emotionale Erregung die Erinnerung für zentrale Details zu verbessern und für periphere Details zu verschlechtern (vgl., Christianson, 1992).
Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit untersuchte den TWT unter Laborbedingungen, die versuchten realistische Untersuchungsumstände besser abzubilden (z.B., war die Enkodierung der relevanten Details nur während des Scheinverbrechens möglich). Zudem sollte der Einfluss emotionaler Faktoren während der Informationsenkodierung und dem Abruf im TWT genauer untersucht werden. Dabei wurden verschiedene methodische Ansätze verwendet (z.B., autonome Reaktionsmaße, Augenbewegungsaufzeichnungen, neuronale Bildgebung).
In der ersten Studie wurden das Ausmaß an emotionaler Erregung während des Scheinverbrechens, die Zeitdauer bis zum TWT und die Art des relevanten Details (zentral oder peripher) manipuliert. Zusätzlich zu den traditionellen, autonomen Reaktionsmaßen wurden Augenbewegungen während des TWT aufgezeichnet. Der Test wurde entweder direkt im Anschluss an das Scheinverbrechen durchgeführt oder zwei Wochen später. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass emotionale Erregung während des Scheinverbrechens die autonomen Reaktionen im TWT verstärken kann, besonders wenn in einem zeitlich verzögerten TWT nach zentralen Tatdetails gefragt wird. Zusätzlich wurde gefunden, dass Augenbewegungen in konkreten Zeitfenstern verheimlichtes Wissen über zentrale Tatdetails aufdecken können.
Die zweite Studie untersuchte den Einfluss des Enkodierungskontexts auf den Abruf relevanter Tatdetails im TWT mittels fMRT. Hierfür wurden drei Gruppen mit demselben TWT untersucht: Täter die ein Scheinverbrechen ausübten (ACT), Täter die ein Scheinverbrechen nur planten (PLAN), informierte Unschuldige die Tatdetails in einem nicht kriminellen Kontext kennenlernten (INNOCENT). Entsprechend vorheriger Forschungsergebnisse (vgl., Gamer, 2011b), war ein Netzwerk aus ventralen fronto-parietalen Hirnregionen in der Lage ist die Erinnerung an bekannte relevante Details aufzudecken. Es wurden keine Unterschiede in diesen Arealen zwischen den Gruppen gefunden.
Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Erinnerung an relevante Tatdetails die physiologischen Reaktionen während des TWT steuert. Unabhängig vom Enkodierungskontext, führte die Wiedererkennung relevanter Tatdetails in einem TWT zu erhöhten Aktivierungen in einem ventralen fronto-parietalen Hirnnetzwerk. Allerdings wurde auch gezeigt, dass eine erhöhte emotionale Erregung während des Scheinverbrechens die autonomen Reaktionsmaße während des TWT stärkt. Dieser Einfluss war besonders ausgeprägt für die Wiedererkennung zentraler Tatdetails in einem zeitlich verzögerten TWT. Dieser Befund unterstützt die externe Validität des TWT. Demnach scheint emotionale Erregung keine notwendige Bedingung für den TWT zu sein, aber kann die korrekte Aufdeckung verheimlichter Informationen unter bestimmten Bedingungen verbessern
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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