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PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA PANAS MESIN DENGAN METODA TERMOCOUPLE
Get PDFABSTRAKSI: Pemanasan global adalah suatu proses meningkatnya suhu rata-rata atmosfer, laut, dan daratan bumi. Meningkatnya suhu global diperkirakan akan terjadi perubahan-perubahan yang lain seperti, naiknya permukaan air laut, meningkatnya intensitas fenomena cuaca yang ekstrim, serta perubahan jumlah dan pola presipitasi. Akibat pemanasan global yang lain adalah terpengaruhnya hasil pertanian, hilangnya gletser, dan punahnya berbagai jenis hewan. Akibat pemanasan global tersebut disebabkan oleh efek rumah kaca, pembungan bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor, alih fungsi lahan dan pembabatan hutan, sampah, serta bidang industri. Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi di era modern, penyebab terjadinya pemanasan global dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan masyarakat, yaitu energi listrik. Kebutuhan energi listrik saat ini berbanding terbalik dengan pasokan energi listrik yang dihasilkan. Diperlukan inovasi energi listrik agar keseimbangan dapat tercapai. Salah satunya energi listrik tenaga panas mesin. Tugas akhir ini dibuat untuk memanfaatkan energi panas yang dihasilkan oleh mesin yang akan dikonversi menjadi energi listrik dengan metoda termocouple. Hasil tegangan keluaran termoelektrik selanjutnya digunakan untuk penerangan lampu dan membuat kipas dc berputar. Proses perancangan dan implementasi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas mesin dimulai dari panas yang ditimbulkan mesin yang diserap oleh bagian panas termoelektrik. Suhu dingin diserap oleh sisi dingin termoelektrik. Perbedaan suhu pada termoelektrik akan timbul tegangan diantara bagian panas dan dingin termoelektrik. Semakin besar perbedaan suhu yang dihasilkan, semakin besar pula tegangan yang ditimbulkan. Menurut informasi, selain perbedaan suhu yang besar, jumlah modul termoelektrik yang diperlukan dapat berpengaruh terhadap hasil keluaran tegangan. Semakin banyak modul termoelektrik yang digunakan, semakin besar pula tegangan yang dihasilkan. Pada akhirnya timbul daya yang akan digunakan untuk keperluan penerangan. Pembangkit listrik tenaga panas mesin dapat mengkonversi panas menjadi listrik dengan baik. Tegangan maksimal yang dihasilkan pada tugas akhir ini sebesar 25.6 volt dengan perbedaan suhu sebesar 77.3 0C dan dapat didistribusikan untuk penyalaan LED dan kipas DC secara bersamaan. LED dan kipas DC dapat menyala dan berputar secara bersamaan saat tegangan minimal yang dihasilkan oleh termoelektrik diatas 5 Volt.KATA KUNCI: Termoelektrik, Termoelektrik generatorABSTRACT: Global warming is a process of average atmosphere temperature increases of atmosphere, sea and land. The increment of it is predicted to affect the sea level height, extreme weather intensity, and the amount of prescipitation. The other effects of global warming are: dreaded farming, lost of glaciers, and the extinction of various animal species. The cause of global warming is greenhouse effect, the fossil fuels burning, deforestation, and various industrial waste. Because of the advancement of technology, the global warming effect can be utilized to provide electrical energy. The rising demands in electrical energy is inversed in respect to the produced energy. The additional power source is needed to maintain the equilibrium. One of the alternative to it is the machine heat power. This final project is made to utilize created heat energy that is converted to the electrical energy. The thermocouple method is used as the theoretical basis. The resulted thermoelectric voltage then is used to power lamps and make the DC fan spinning. The process of designing and implementing this power generator is started with the heat that is produced and absorbed by the heat part of thermoelectric module. The cold temperature is absorbed by cold part of thermoelectric module. This temperature difference will make a potential difference (voltage) between the heat and cold part of thermoelectric. The amount of used thermoelectric will signify the output voltage. The more thermoelectric modules are used, the more output voltage will be created. At the end there will be a power to be used for lighting purposes. The heated-machine electrical power generator can convert heat energy well. The maximum voltage provided is 25.6 volt with temperature difference of 77.3 0C and can be distributed to lit LEDs on and spins DC fan simultaneously. LED and DC fan can be turned on at the minimum thermoelectric voltage of 5 volt.KEYWORD: thermoelectric, generator thermoelectri
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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