1,720,958 research outputs found
Learning a Tradesman Craft in the 16th-19th Centuries. Outline of the Problem
No full textThe article is a survey and an attempt to bring closer the questions connected with the education of future tradesmen in Cracow from the 16th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thus far, there has been no thorough study devoted to this topic.
In the 16th century, young adepts of trade would start learning this occupation in their father’s business, further family’s business or in the dynamically developing trading houses in Cracow. In the 16th c. and 17th c. there was no merchants’ guild in Cracow, which could oversee the process of learning the “art of trade”. Only the establishment of the Merchants’ Congregation in 1722 brought about changes in this respect. Ultimately, in the new statute of the Congregation from 1833, the new principles of training were formulated. Candidates had to present their birth certificate, the recommending certificate written by their parents or foster parents. Moreover, the candidate had to be able to read, write and calculate in Polish or German. Learning took three years in the 16th and 17th centuries; in the 18th century this period was prolonged, in the 19th century lasted from 4 to 6 years.
According to the author, the problem still requires further in-depth research. After the archival query, it seems that there are good possibilities to obtain valuable material connected with mercantile art in Cracow
Dzieje powstania sztandaru cechu piekarzy krakowskich
Full text linkThis article investigates the circumstances surrounding the establishment of the banner of the Krakow Bakers’ Guild, completed in 1912, on the basis of two principal sources: Gazeta Piekarska (The Bakers’ Gazette) and the guild’s record book. A comparative reading of the press coverage and the internal guild documentation reveals notable discrepancies between the public, official narrative and the actual process recorded in the minutes. While the newspaper presented the foundation of the banner as a unanimous and enthusiastically supported initiative, the guild protocols point to organizational difficulties, limited participation of master bakers, financial constraints, and the eventual need to obtain a loan. The study also examines the iconographic programme of the banner, designed and executed by Emilia Pydynkowska, including depictions of Our Lady of Częstochowa, St Stanislaus, and various national and guild symbols. The findings highlight the banner’s foundation process as an important source for understanding the functioning of Krakow’s craft organisations in the early twentieth century.Artykuł analizuje okoliczności powstania sztandaru krakowskiego cechu piekarzy, ukończonego w 1912 r., wykorzystując dwa zasadnicze źródła: „Gazetę Piekarską” oraz księgę cechową. Konfrontacja relacji prasowych z dokumentacją wewnętrzną pozwala uchwycić różnice między oficjalnym przekazem a rzeczywistym przebiegiem prac. Podczas gdy gazeta przedstawiała fundację sztandaru jako przedsięwzięcie jednomyślne i entuzjastyczne, protokoły cechowe ujawniają problemy organizacyjne, niską frekwencję mistrzów, trudności finansowe oraz konieczność pozyskania pożyczki. W artykule omówiono także ikonografię sztandaru zaprojektowanego i wykonanego przez Emilię Pydynkowską, w tym wizerunki Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej, św. Stanisława oraz symbole narodowe i cechowe. Analiza ukazuje, że proces fundacji sztandaru stanowi ważne świadectwo funkcjonowania krakowskiego rzemiosła na początku XX w
THE SERIAL NEWSLETTER DYÁRIUSZ SEIMU ELECTIONIS OF 1697 ON THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN POLAND AND EUROPE
No full textBy focusing on this little known parliamentary publication of 1697 this article attempts to make an addition to the early history of the Polish press as well as unveil an interesting source to the history of Poland during the interregnum after the death of King Jan III Sobieski. The article examines the news coverage of the Dyáriusz Seimu Electionis (unearthed by Konrad Zawadzki) by confronting it with the information in other contemporary sources such as diaries, memoirs and broadsheets. The editors of the Dyáriusz arrange its contents under two separate headings, Home and Abroad. While the former category Home goes beyond the coverage of parliamentary stories, the Abroad section follows current events in Europ
Błażej Zarzycki, a Cracow burgher and a „friendly agreement” in the dispute over his wealth
No full textBłażej Zarzecki was one of the most influential Cracow bakers of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. He married twice, his first wife was Dorota and the second Elżbieta, and he had several children with both. Besides being a baker he was also a brewer and leaseholder of the “Morawieckiego” brewery. He went through all the steps of the clerical career in the guild. He was appointed a councillor, an assessor, a treasurer, a podstarszy and on 25th February 1710 he achieved the most respected position of prymas. At his death Zarzecki left a will, however, his second wife desisted from executing its provisions fearing legal action by the children from Błażej’s first marriage. Once the inventory of Zarzecki’s property was complete, the quarrel ended with the so-called “friendly agreement”, i.e. an act of reconciliation aiming at ending the dispute
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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