735 research outputs found
Measuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data
No full textMeasuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data Author & abstract Download & other version 16 References 4 Citations Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Katja Landau (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Stephan Klasen (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Walter Zucchini (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Registered: Stephan Klasen Abstract We investigate the accuracy of ex ante assessments of vulnerability to income poverty using cross-sectional data and panel data. We use long-term panel data from Germany and apply di fferent regression models, based on household covariates and previous-year equivalence income, to classify a household as vulnerable or not. Predictive performance is assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), which takes account of false positive as well as true positive rates. Estimates based on cross-sectional data are much less accurate than those based on panel data, but for Germany, the accuracy of vulnerability predictions is limited even when panel data are used. In part this low accuracy is due to low poverty incidence and high mobility in and out of poverty
Resilience as a positive lever: An analysis of sensemaking and meaningful work in the context of organizational change
No full textAuthor Katja SchwarzMasterarbeit Johannes Kepler Universität Linz 2024Arbeit nach Ablauf der Sperre auf den öffentlichen PCs in den Bibliotheken der JKU+Medizin abrufba
Measuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data
No full textMeasuring Vulnerability to Poverty Using Long-Term Panel Data Author & abstract Download & other version 16 References 4 Citations Related works & more Corrections Author Listed: Katja Landau (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Stephan Klasen (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Walter Zucchini (Georg-August-University Göttingen) Registered: Stephan Klasen Abstract We investigate the accuracy of ex ante assessments of vulnerability to income poverty using cross-sectional data and panel data. We use long-term panel data from Germany and apply di fferent regression models, based on household covariates and previous-year equivalence income, to classify a household as vulnerable or not. Predictive performance is assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), which takes account of false positive as well as true positive rates. Estimates based on cross-sectional data are much less accurate than those based on panel data, but for Germany, the accuracy of vulnerability predictions is limited even when panel data are used. In part this low accuracy is due to low poverty incidence and high mobility in and out of poverty
Resilience as a positive lever: An analysis of sensemaking and meaningful work in the context of organizational change
No full textAuthor Katja SchwarzMasterarbeit Johannes Kepler Universität Linz 2024Arbeit nach Ablauf der Sperre auf den öffentlichen PCs in den Bibliotheken der JKU+Medizin abrufba
EMODIN DERIVATIVES AS PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR REDUCTION OF ARYL HALIDES AND OXIDATION OF SULPHIDES
No full textotokataliza je obetaven način za učinkovito pretvarjanje sončne energije v kemijsko. V zadnjem času se vse več pozornosti namenja ohranjanju planeta, med cilji trajnostnega razvoja je tudi razširjena uporaba dostopne in čiste energije (npr. sončna energija). Naravni antrakinon emodin je obarvana spojina s široko biološko aktivnostjo. Antrakinonsko jedro emodina prav tako predstavlja zanimivo izhodišče za nadaljnje modifikacije z različnimi funkcionalnimi skupinami. V okviru magistrskega dela smo proučili uporabo derivatov emodina kot fotoredoks katalizatorjev za redukcije aril halidov, oksidacije sulfidov in hidroksiliranje arilboronskih kislin. Raziskali smo tudi vpliv topil in ostalih parametrov na posamezen reakcijski sistem.
V prvem delu magistrskega dela smo raziskali ariliranje 2-bromobenzonitrila z N-metilpirolom. Kot fotokatalizator smo uporabili emodin in njegove derivate. Kot najustreznejši fotokatalizator se je izkazal nemodificiran emodin. Pri zamenjavi heterocikličnega reagenta s pirolom, N-fenilpirolom, indolom, furanom in tiofenonom, smo ugotovili, da le pri pirolu ni prišlo do otežene identifikacije produktov. Prešli smo tudi na druge bromo-, kloro- in jodo-aromate in pri nekaterih substratih z elektron akceptorskimi substituenti dobili dobre pretvorbe. Težavna izolacija in čiščenje produktov sta nam preprečila pridobitev čistih končnih produktov.
Drug del magitrske naloge je bil namenjen sintezi sulfoksidov iz sulfidov z uporabo oksidanta kisika in fotokatalizatorja emodina. Za kvantitativno pretvorbo smo potrebovali le 0,1 mol% fotokatalizatorja v primeru sulfidov z elektron donorskimi substituenti in 2 mol% katalizatorja v primeru sulfidov z elektron privlačnimi substituenti. Derivati emodina so se izkazali za prav tako primerne fotokatalizatorje za ta reakcijski sistem. Uporabljen molekularni kisik predstavlja zeleni oksidant, saj ne povzroča nastanka velikih količin strupenih produktov. Pokazali smo, da je naša metoda oksidacije selektivna za nastanek sulfoksida. Le pri oksidaciji dibenzil sulfida smo kot stranski produkt opazili majhne količine benzaldehida in benzojske kisline, pri ostalih sulfidih pa le pri določenih reakcijskih pogojih majhne količine sulfona.
V zadnjem delu magistrske naloge smo raziskali možnosti fotokatalitskega hidroksiliranja arilboronskih kislin z emodinom. Optimizirali smo sintezo fenola iz benzenboronske kisline z uporabo 5 mol% fotokatalizatorja. Tudi pri hidroksiliranju smo uporabili molekularni kisik kot oksidant. Reakcijske pogoje za hidroksiliranje lahko uporabimo na arilboronskih kislinah z elektron donorskimi kot tudi z elektron privlačnimi substituenti. Boljšo selektivnost smo opazili pri arilboronskih kislinah z elektron privlačnimi susbtituenti (ciano, 4-(trifluorometil)).Photocatalysis is a promising way to efficiently convert solar energy into chemical one. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the conservation of our planet, among the goals of sustainable development is also the widespread use of accessible and clean energy (e.g. solar energy). The natural emodin is a colourful compound with broad biological activity. The anthraquinone core of emodin also represents an interesting starting point for further modifications with different functional groups. As part of the master\u27s thesis, we studied the use of emodin derivatives as photoredox catalysts for reduction of aryl halides, oxidation of sulfides and hydroxylation of arylboronic acids. We also investigated the influence of solvents and other parameters on reaction systems.
In the first part of the master\u27s thesis, we investigated the arylation of 2-bromobenzonitrile with N-methylpyrrole. Emodin and its derivatives were used as photocatalysts. Unmodified emodin proved to be the most suitable photocatalyst. When replacing the heterocyclic reagent with pyrrole, N-phenylpyrrole, indole, furan, and thiophenone, we found that only pyrrole enabled simple product identification. We also switched to other bromo, chloro and iodo aryls and obtained good conversions with some substrates with electron acceptor substituents. The difficult isolation and purification of the products prevented us from obtaining pure final products.
Second part of the master\u27s thesis was aimed at the synthesis of sulfoxides from sulfides using oxygen as oxidant and the photocatalyst emodin. For quantitative conversion, we needed only 0,1 mol% of photocatalyst in the case of sulfides with electron-donating substituents and 2 mol% of catalyst in the case of sulfides with electron-withdrawing substituents. Emodin derivatives proved to be suitable photocatalysts for this reaction system. The molecular oxygen is a green oxidant, as it does not cause the formation of large amounts of toxic products. We have shown that our oxidation method is selective for sulfoxide formation. Only in the oxidation of dibenzyl sulfide, only small amounts of benzaldehyde and benzoic acid were observed as side products, and in the case of other sulfides, only small amounts of sulfone were observed under certain reaction conditions.
In the last part of the master\u27s thesis, we investigated the possibilities of photocatalytic hydroxylation of arylboronic acids with emodin. We optimized the synthesis of phenol from benzeneboronic acid using 5 mol% of photocatalyst. Molecular oxygen was also used as an oxidant during hydroxylation. The reaction conditions for hydroxylation can be applied to arylboronic acids with electron donating as well as arylboronic acids with electron withdrawing substituents. Better selectivity was observed for arylboronic acids with electron-withdrawing substituents (cyano, 4-(trifluoromethyl))
"Meghillàt Estèr". Toward a Transcultural Concept of Religion in Katja Petrowskaja\u27s Novel Vielleicht Esther
No full textIl presente contributo intende rileggere il romanzo Vielleicht Esther (2014) di Katja Petrowskaja proponendo come chiave di lettura la Meghillàt Estèr della Bibbia ebraica. Si vuole dimostrare come, attraverso questo implicito ma preciso riferimento intertestuale, l’autrice affronti nel romanzo anche una riflessione su una possibile transreligione capace di rispecchiare il contesto transculturale contemporaneo.This contribution analyzes Katja Petrowskaja’s novel Vielleicht Esther (2014) by proposing the Megillàt Estèr from the Hebrew Bible as a key interpretative lens. The aim is to demonstrate how, through this subtle yet deliberate intertextual reference, the author weaves into the novel a reflection on the notion of a transreligion, one that resonates with and articulates the complexities of our contemporary transcultural landscape
Poliidonation of aromatics by oxidative approach
No full textJodirane organske molekule so izredno pomembni intermediati v sintezni organski kemiji, saj se jih uporablja pri uvajanju C-C, C-N in C-O vezi v sistem. Poleg bistvenega pomena v kemiji, pa se vedno bolj uveljavljajo v medicini in farmaciji. V nuklearni medicini sta jodova izotopa 123I in 124I uvedena v različne molekule, ki nastopajo kot diagnostični markerji. Za boljšo učinkovitost metod jodiranja je bilo na začetku potrebno raziskovanje bioloških poti uvajanja halogenov v molekule, iz tega pa so se razvili različni pristopi k reševanju problema, kako na okolju prijazen način čim bolj selektivno in učinkovito pridobiti željene jodirane aromate. Najbolj logična izbira iz vidika zelene kemije je oksidativno jodiranje, ki omogoča boljšo ekonomiko jodovih atomov, saj se ob uporabi molekularnega joda in sočasni prisotnosti oksidanta nastajajoči HI pri jodiranju pretvori nazaj v elektrofilen jod. Izbira oksidanta pa po zgledu iz narave vodi do vodikovega peroksida in kisika, ker pri uporabi le teh ne nastajajo škodljivi stranski produkti, ampak le voda. V diplomski nalogi sem opisala dostopne metode za uvajanje več jodovih atomov v aromatski obroč. Ugotovila sem, da je nabor možnosti velik, vendar sem ob natančnejši študiji prišla do tistih metod, ki ponujajo dobre izkoristke in selektivnost ter so manj obremenjujoče za okolje. Najosnovnejša metoda je oksidativno jodiranje ob prisotnosti kisline kot katalizatorja, ki se izkaže za uspešno metodo. Korak naprej proti zeleni kemiji pa nudita oksidativno jodiranje v vodi ali pa oksidativno jodiranje brez uporabe topila, saj so organska topila med bolj problematičnimi komponentami procesov zaradi velike količine in njihove toksičnosti. Sistem jodiranja z uporabo zračnega kisika kot oksidanta prav tako omogoča uvajanje jodovih atomov v molekule. Zaradi širokega spektra pristopov k izvajanju reakcij je možno uporabiti tudi drugačne pristope, kot je elektrokemijsko jodiranje, jodiranje s pomočjo ultrazvočne kavitacije in jodiranje z mletjem.Iodinated organic molecules are extremely important intermediates in organic synthesis, as they are used for the introduction of C-C, C-N and C-O bonds into the system. In addition to being essential in chemistry, they are gaining ground in medicine and pharmacy. In nuclear medicine, the iodine isotopes 123I and 124I are introduced into various molecules, which act as diagnostic markers. In order to improve the efficiency of iodination methods, it was necessary to study the biological pathways of halogen introduction into molecules, which enabled the development of various approaches to obtain the desired iodinated aromatics as selectively and efficiently as possible in an environmentally friendly way. The most logical choice from the point of green chemistry is oxidative iodination, which allows a better economy of iodine atoms, because when molecular iodine is used in the presence of an oxidant, the by-product HI is converted back to molecular iodine. The choice of oxidant, following examples from nature, leads to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, because their use does not produce any harmful by-products, only water. In my undergraduate thesis, I described the available methods for introducing several iodine atoms into an aromatic ring. I found the list of possibilities to be big, but on closer study I came up with those methods that offer good yields, are selective and are less harmful to the environment. The most basic method is oxidative iodination in the presence of acid as a catalyst, which is proving to be a successful method. However, a step forward towards green chemistry is offered by oxidative iodination in water or under solvent-free conditions, as organic solvents are probably one of the most problematic components of processes due to their high usage and toxicity. The iodination system using air as an oxidant also allows the introduction of iodine atoms into the molecules. Because of the variety of approaches to carry out reactions, it is also possible to use alternative methods, such as electrochemical iodination, iodination by ultrasound cavitation and method by grinding
Casanovas are liars : behavioral syndromes, sperm competition risk, and the evolution of deceptive male mating behavior in live-bearing fishes [version 2; referees: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
No full textMale reproductive biology can by characterized through competition over mates as well as mate choice. Multiple mating and male mate choice copying, especially in internally fertilizing species, set the stage for increased sperm competition, i.e., sperm of two or more males can compete for fertilization of the female’s ova. In the internally fertilizing fish Poecilia mexicana, males respond to the presence of rivals with reduced expression of mating preferences (audience effect), thereby lowering the risk of by-standing rivals copying their mate choice. Also, males interact initially more with a non-preferred female when observed by a rival, which has been interpreted in previous studies as a strategy to mislead rivals, again reducing sperm competition risk (SCR). Nevertheless, species might differ consistently in their expression of aggressive and reproductive behaviors, possibly due to varying levels of SCR. In the current study, we present a unique data set comprising ten poeciliid species (in two cases including multiple populations) and ask whether species can be characterized through consistent differences in the expression of aggression, sexual activity and changes in mate choice under increased SCR. We found consistent species-specific differences in aggressive behavior, sexual activity as well as in the level of misleading behavior, while decreased preference expression under increased SCR was a general feature of all but one species examined. Furthermore, mean sexual activity correlated positively with the occurrence of potentially misleading behavior. An alternative explanation for audience effects would be that males attempt to avoid aggressive encounters, which would predict stronger audience effects in more aggressive species. We demonstrate a positive correlation between mean aggressiveness and sexual activity (suggesting a hormonal link as a mechanistic explanation), but did not detect a correlation between aggressiveness and audience effects. Suites of correlated behavioral tendencies are termed behavioral syndromes, and our present study provides correlational evidence for the evolutionary significance of SCR in shaping a behavioral syndrome at the species level across poeciliid taxa
Analiza jezika vrednotenja v knjižnih recenzijah: študija primera
No full textThis master’s thesis presents an analysis of appraisal in the case of ten book reviews. Their selection is based on several criteria that make them representative of this text type. The selected texts evaluate novels, novellas and short stories that were ranked top 300 according to the Open Syllabus Project 2.0 online data base. This means that they fall into the category of the most often assigned books in educational institutions. The authors of the selected texts are editors, journalists and writers, and there is an even number of male and female reviewers. The purpose of the study is the appraisal analysis of the contemporary English languagetherefore, only the recently published texts were selected.
The main methodology used in this master’s thesis is the appraisal theory developed by James Martin and Peter White (Martin and White). This theory evolved in the systemic functional linguistics, and it relies on the theoretical concepts of Michael Halliday (Halliday). The appraisal analysis was conducted with help of the analytical tool Catma 5.0, which enables annotation of texts, their analysis and the visualization of data.
The results of the research show that the most frequently used attitudinal resources are the expressions of appreciation. Therefore, the evaluation of the story and everything associated with it is in the foreground of the book reviews. The analysis of the selected texts reveals that evaluation is mostly explicit, meaning that the reader is directly invited to engage with the book. The findings indicate that the attitudinal resources are graded more according to intensity and quantity and less according to prototypicality and marginality. This conclusion draws attention to the variety of lexical and grammatical structures in the selected texts that are assumed to be characteristic of this text type in general. The results also show that the reviewers do not include many external sources into the text, which consequently narrows down the dialogistic space and excludes alternative views and attitudes.
The appraisal analysis points toward the text-structural and semantic characteristics of book reviews in general. The structure of the selected texts consists of the following elements: information about the author and the book, the plot summary and evaluation of these elements, which are often intertwined. Some reviews also include personal accounts, book details and/or numeric ratings. The most significant semantic characteristic of evaluation expressed in the selected book reviews is the critique of the Western oppressor. The reviewers judge crimes against humanity and question Western perspectives. They also imply the complicity of the readers because they are viewed as members of the Western identity. Additionally, the results of the analysis show that the book reviews are contextual and intertextual text types, which include various means for the realization of appraisal. A vast spectrum of lexical and grammatical structures makes book reviews an interesting research topic with many possibilities for further research.Pričujoča magistrska naloga se ukvarja z analizo jezika vrednotenja na primeru desetih knjižnih recenzij. Njihov izbor temelji na več kriterijih, ki prispevajo k reprezentativnosti te besedilne vrste. Izbrana besedila vrednotijo romane, novele in kratke zgodbe, ki so uvrščene med najboljših 300 v spletni podatkovni bazi Open Syllabus Project 2.0. To pomeni, da spadajo v kategorijo najpogosteje dodeljenih knjig v izobraževalnih ustanovah. Avtorji izbranega korpusa so uredniki, novinarji in pisatelji, med katerimi sta oba spola zastopana v enakem številu. Izbrana so bila le besedila, objavljena pred kratkim, saj je predmet magistrskega dela analiza vrednotenja sodobnega angleškega jezika.
Glavna metodologija, ki je uporabljena v magistrski nalogi, je teorija vrednotenja, ki sta jo razvila James Martin in Peter White (Martin in White). Teorija je bila osnovana znotraj sistemskega funkcionalnega jezikoslovja in se nanaša na teoretične koncepte Michaela Hallidayja (Halliday). Analiza jezika vrednotenja se je izvedla s pomočjo analitičnega orodja Catma 5.0, ki omogoča komentiranje besedil, njihovo analizo in vizualizacijo podatkov.
Rezultati analize kažejo, da so najbolj številčni primeri sredstev vrednotenja primeri presoje oz. odnosa do stanj, procesov in entitet (ang. appreciation). Iz tega izhaja, da je vrednotenje zgodbe in vsega, kar je z njo povezanega, v ospredju knjižnih recenzij. Nadalje analiza razkriva, da je vrednotenje v večji meri neposredno in je bralec direktno povabljen k branju knjige. Jezikovna sredstva odnosa (ang. attitude) se v izbranih besedilih stopnjujejo bolj glede na stopnjo in količino in manj glede na prototipičnost in marginalnost. Rezultati kažejo tudi, da recenzenti ne vključujejo veliko zunanjih virov v besedila in posledično zaprejo dialoški prostor za drugačne vidike in stališča.
Analiza jezika vrednotenja opozarja tudi na nekatere besedilno strukturne in semantične značilnosti knjižnih recenzij kot besedilne vrste. Izbrana besedila vsebujejo informacije o avtorju in knjigi, obnovo zgodbe ter ovrednotenje omenjenih elementov, ki se velikokrat prepletajo. Nekatere recenzije vsebujejo še osebne pripovedi, podrobnosti o knjigi in/ali numerično oceno. Najpomembnejša tematska značilnost vrednotenja v izbranih knjižnih recenzijah je kritika zahodnega zatiralca. Recenzenti obsojajo zločine proti človeštvu in dvomijo v zahodnjaške poglede, ki jih očitajo tudi bralcu, v katerem vidijo pripadnika omenjene identitete. Poleg tega rezultati analize kažejo, da so knjižne recenzije sobesedilna in medbesedilna vrsta, v kateri je vrednotenje realizirano na mnogo načinov. Obravnavana besedila in knjižne recenzije na splošno vsebujejo širok spekter leksikalnih in slovničnih struktur, zaradi česar predstavljajo zanimivo raziskovalno temo
Author Correction: The dengue-specific immune response and antibody identification with machine learning
No full textCorrection to: npj Vaccineshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00788-7, published online 20 January 2024 In this article, the affiliation details for author Alexander Horst were incorrectly given as Alexander Horst1,2 but should have been Alexander Horst1 and other affiliations are renumbered. The original article has been corrected
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