1,721,056 research outputs found
The Sweet Kiss Breaching Immunological Self-Tolerance
No full textMetabolic alterations leading to overactivation of nutrient-energy-sensing pathways have been linked to altered immunological self-tolerance. Now, Zhang and colleagues (Immunity, 2019) have identified a key role for high glucose consumption in exacerbating autoimmunity in mice via induction of T helper (Th)17 cells. This reveals a novel mechanism underlying effects of diet during autoimmunity development with major translational implications
Divide and hide: proliferating β-cells control immune tolerance in autoimmune diabetes
No full textIncreasing pancreatic β-cell proliferation in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) might restore β-cell mass but would be predicted to exacerbate islet inflammation. A study in Nature Metabolism, however, reports that boosting β-cell proliferation in mouse models of T1D is beneficial, preserving the immunological self-tolerance of islets through the induction of regulatory T cells
Immunometabolism and autoimmunity
No full textOver the last few years, immune cell metabolism has become one of the most stimulating areas of investigation in the field of immunology. Compelling evidence has revealed that metabolic pathways are closely associated to cell functions and immune cells adopt defined metabolic programs to sustain their activity and respond to micro-environmental demands. It is now clear that alterations in cell metabolism can favour dysregulation typical of autoreactive immune cells, thus sustaining loss of immunological self-tolerance. In this short review, we highlight the main metabolic alterations associated with both innate and adaptive immune cells in autoimmune conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). We also summarize recent findings reporting the use of pharmacological agents, which modulate the immunometabolism to possibly control immune responses during autoimmune disorders
Lung and peripheral blood T lymphocytes IFN-γ production in infliximab-associated pulmonary tuberculosis.
No full textWe present the pattern of cellular immune response at both the levels of the diseased lung and peripheral blood in a case of pulmonary tuberculosis following infliximab treatment for Crohn's disease. A 40 year-old man who had received two courses of infliximab (5 mg/kg) was admitted with intermittent fever, cough and dyspnoea. Diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis with positive sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was made. At the time of diagnosis, CD3 lymphocytes from peripheral blood showed a moderate presence of cells producing IFN-γ (20%) and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells exhibited low levels of IFN-γCD3 lymphocytes (3.2%) After antitubercular treatment an increase in the percentage of CD3 lymphocytes producing IFN-γ (48%) was found on BAL cells whilst, on peripheral blood, a decrease in the percentage of IFN-γ producing CD3 lymphocytes was observed. This observation suggests a possible immune pathway responsible for development of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α-associated tuberculosis. © 2005
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
An application specific instruction set processor for angular position estimation with inertial measurement units
No full textThe architecture of an application specific instruction set processor (ASIP) for an orientation tracking system to be interfaced with 6D inertial measurement units was developed. A sensor fusion algorithm with a simplified Kalman filter was implemented. The algorithm was modeled with MathWorks Simulink and the architecture of an application specific signal processor was specifically designed to process the filter algorithm. The ASIP was mapped on TSMC 0.18 μm technology to be integrated within the conditioning logic of a 6D IMU sensor. A proof-of-concept demonstrator on FPGA technology was implemented and successfully verified
A double stage Kalman filter for sensor fusion and orientation tracking in 9D IMU
No full textThis work presents an orientation tracking system based on a double stage Kalman filter for sensor fusion in 9D IMU. The IMU is composed by a 3D gyro, a 3D accelerometer and a magnetic compass. The filter was divided into two stages to reduce algorithm complexity. Gyro data are used to first estimate the angular position, then the first stage corrects roll and pitch angles using accelerometer data. The second stage processes magnetic compass data to correct the yaw angle. One of the advantages of this kind of filter is that a magnetic anomaly does not influence roll and pitch estimation accuracy. The flexibility is also desirable, because if the magnetic compass is not available, it is simply possible to switch off the second stage of the filter. In this work an ASIP was designed to process the filter algorithm and a proof of concept on FPGA was successfully realized. In the future the ASIP will be integrated within the logic of a new 6D sensor that could be optionally interfaced with an external magnetic compass
A Double-Stage Kalman Filter for Orientation Tracking With an Integrated Processor in 9-D IMU
No full textThis paper presents an application-specific integrated processor for an angular estimation system that works with 9-D inertial measurement units. The application-specific instruction-set processor (ASIP) was implemented on field-programmable gate array and interfaced with a gyro-plus-accelerometer 6-D sensor and with a magnetic compass. Output data were recorded on a personal computer and also used to perform a live demo. During system modeling and design, it was chosen to represent angular position data with a quaternion and to use an extended Kalman filter as sensor fusion algorithm. For this purpose, a novel two-stage filter was designed: The first stage uses accelerometer data, and the second one uses magnetic compass data for angular position correction. This allows flexibility, less computational requirements, and robustness to magnetic field anomalies. The final goal of this work is to realize an upgraded application-specified integrated circuit that controls the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor and integrates the ASIP. This will allow the MEMS sensor gyro plus accelerometer and the angular estimation system to be contained in a single package; this system might optionally work with an external magnetic compass
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