1,720,995 research outputs found
Water transport into PEFC gas diffusion layer: experimental characterization of diffusion and permeation
No full textEnrichment in n-3 fatty acids of goat's colostrum and milk by maternal fish oil supplementation
No full textLong-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to be essential during peri-natal growth and development of mammals. The study was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of fish oil in dairy goats diet during late gestation and early lactation would increase the proportion of n-3 PUFAs in colostral and mature milk. From three weeks before kidding throughout 42 days of lactation, 14 dairy goats were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 1.1% fish oil (FO). Dietary treatment did not affect main components of colostrum, but lowered percentages of fat and lactose in mature milk. In colostrum, FO supplementation lowered the proportions of C18:0, C18:2, C18:3 and elevated those of C16:1 and very long-chain n-3 PUFAs, mainly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA. In mature milk, FO supplementation lowered the proportion of C18:0 and raised C16:1 and n-3 PUFAs (C18:3, EPA and DHA). Estimated transfer efficiencies for EPA and DHA into mature milk were 14 and 7%, respectively. Results suggest that goat’s colostrum and milk can be enriched in n-3 PUFAs by maternal dietary fish oil supplementation during late gestation and early lactation
Silymarin administration to periparturient dairy goats : effects on milk production and quality
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Quantitative risk assessment of aflatoxicosis associated with milk consumption in Italy (2000-2004)
No full textCurrently available information has been examined to assess the risk of aflatoxin contamination in milk and give the public managers tools for the evaluation of mitigation strategies that have already been imposed or could be imposed to reduce risk. The assessment concerns milk for direct consumption produced in Italy, from 2001 to 2004, and also provides an estimate uncertainty associated with available data and determines whether available data have been critical and have driven the overall risk assessment. Data relative to milk contamination were generated by two independent control systems, namely a monitoring system regularly maintained by a nationally relevant private industry during the period January 2001-July 2004 and an extensive surveillance system implemented by Public Veterinary Services during the period September 2003- July 2004 as a consequence of critical environmental conditions leading to an “aflatoxin crisis in milk”. Both concerned raw milk produced in the North and Centre of Italy during the last five years and consist of more than 9000 samples of milk which were analysed in two laboratories using validated ELISA methods. The mean estimated level of aflatoxin M1 in milk observed during the crisis period was approximately 0.035 μg/kg in both data sets (Industry and Public sampling plans) and 95th percentile values were 0.073 and 0.080 μg/kg respectively. These values were relatively higher than those relative to data recorded before September 2003 (mean = 0.027 μg/kg; 95th percentile = 0.080μg/kg). The data have been evaluated for their capability of representing the overall variability of aflatoxin level in milk produced in the region and the associated degree of uncertainty (accuracy and bias) of the analytical methods. The relative amount of milk presenting different levels of aflatoxin contamination has also been considered because the monitoring data provided by Industry were correlated with records of milk weight. Any processing steps, apart from mixing, are capable of producing change in aflatoxin level in the production of pasteurised or UHT milk. A mixing model considering the capacity of storage tanks at the processing plant and the relative weight of bulk milk supplied with different aflatoxin levels has produced probability distributions for aflatoxin in milk. An exposure assessment concerning aflatoxin M1 in milk has been carried out by using the contamination data in combination with milk consumption patterns observed in the Italian population. To this aim data of the Italian Institute of Nutrition relative to milk consumption have been used to produce second order parametric probability distributions for children (1-9 y) adolescents (10-17 y) adults (18-64 y) and the elderly (>= 65 y). The aflatoxin M1 hazard was characterized by using the carcinogen potency estimates outlined by the WHO panel of experts. This panel has recently analysed all available toxicological studies concerning aflatoxin M1 and has used the comparative experimental studies with aflatoxin B1 to estimate its relative carcinogen potency. The carcinogen potency ranges should encompass the different sensitivities to aflatoxin observed in the human population. The genotypic and phenotypic variability is at the basis of these differences, but a mechanistic modelling of cancer initiation and progression, which could directly account for them, cannot be accomplished at present, because probabilistic quantitative data are inadequate for risk assessment. Carriers of the Hepatitis B virus are significantly more susceptible to aflatoxin carcinogenicity than healthy individuals and their prevalence in the population has been accounted for in the risk assessment. However, many factors, including body weight, milk consumption and prevalence of Hepatitis B carriers, which are dependent on the age of exposed individuals are correlated and have to be consequently analysed. In order to assess the risk for the different age classes, w..
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Major constituents, leptin, and non-protein nitrogen compounds in mares' colostrum and milk
Full text linkFive Haflinger mares were hand-milked at 0 h (pre-suckle) and 6 h (postsuckle), 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after parturition. Total solids, protein, fat, lactose, calculated gross energy content, leptin and non-protein nitrogen components (urea, alpha-amino nitrogen, creatinine and allantoin) were determined. The levels of the major constituents differed significantly in pre-suckle colostrum from subsequent samples. Leptin levels were the highest in whole (9 ng x mL(-1) of immunoreactive human equivalent HE +/- 0.48 ng x mL(-1), SEM) and skimmed (7.8 ng HE x mL(-1) +/- 0.52 ng x mL(-1), SEM) pre-suckle colostrum, declined sharply at 6 hours postpartum, and more slowly subsequently. Mean urea concentration was constant at around 5.0 mM, while a-amino N increased over the observation period and creatinine and allantoin decreased. These findings provide a further indication that mares' milk can be regarded as a functional food
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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