3,735 research outputs found
Probability Propagation in Selected Aristotelian Syllogisms
No full textThis paper continues our work on a coherence-based probability semantics for Aristotelian syllogisms (Gilio, Pfeifer, and Sanfilippo, 2016; Pfeifer and Sanfilippo, 2018) by studying Figure III under coherence. We interpret the syllogistic sentence types by suitable conditional probability assessments. Since the probabilistic inference of from the premise set is not informative, we add p(M|(S ee M))>0 as a probabilistic constraint (i.e., an ``existential import assumption'') to obtain probabilistic informativeness. We show how to propagate the assigned premise probabilities to the conclusion. Thereby, we give a probabilistic meaning to all syllogisms of Figure~III. We discuss applications like generalised quantifiers (like Most are ) and (negated) default
Probabilistic Semantics for Categorical Syllogisms of Figure II
No full textA coherence-based probability semantics for categorical syllogisms of Figure I, which have transitive structures, has been proposed recently (Gilio, Pfeifer, & Sanfilippo [15]). We extend this work by studying Figure II under coherence. Camestres is an example of a Figure II syllogism: from Every P is M and No S is M infer No S is P. We interpret these sentences by suitable conditional probability assessments. Since the probabilistic inference of P ̄|S from the premise set {M|P,M ̄|S} is not informative, we add p(S|(S∨P))>0 as a probabilistic constraint (i.e., an “existential import assumption”) to obtain probabilistic informativeness. We show how to propagate the assigned (precise or interval-valued) probabilities to the sequence of conditional events (M|P,M ̄|S,S|(S∨P)) to the conclusion P ̄|S . Thereby, we give a probabilistic meaning to the other syllogisms of Figure II. Moreover, our semantics also allows for generalizing the traditional syllogisms to new ones involving generalized quantifiers (like Most S are P) and syllogisms in terms of defaults and negated default
The Heterogeneous Economic Consequences of Works Council Relations
No full textI use a question about works council relations from the 2006 wave of the IAB Establishment panel to analyze the heterogeneous effects of works councils on productivity, wages, and profits. The results indicate that the effects differ significantly between works council relationship types in a systematic pattern. The overall findings are in line with productivity-enhancing and rent-sharing functions of works councils.Codetermination; Firm performance; Industrial relations; Works councils
On Campus Video, featuring Dr. C. G. Gray, ACU Vice President and Dean of Academic Affairs; Mr. Dwight Caufield, Chairman of the ACU Computer Science Department; and Dr. Jerilyn Pfeifer (1948-2015), Director of ACU\u27s Summer Computer Camp.
No full textA videorecording of a discussion of computers led by Dr. Gary McCaleb of Abilene Christian University. McCaleb\u27s guests include Dr. C. G. Gray, ACU Vice President and Dean of Academic Affairs; Mr. Dwight Caufield, Chairman of the ACU Computer Science Department; and Dr. Jerilyn Pfeifer (1948-2015), Director of ACU\u27s Summer Computer Camp. Duration: 30:40 minutes
Bestimmung von freiem Melamin entlang der Wertschöpfungskette
No full textAuthor DI Anna Christina Pfeifer, BSc.Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersDissertation Johannes Kepler Universität Linz 2025Arbeit nach Ablauf der Sperre auf den öffentlichen PCs in den Bibliotheken der JKU+Medizin abrufba
Bestimmung von freiem Melamin entlang der Wertschöpfungskette
No full textAuthor DI Anna Christina Pfeifer, BSc.Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersDissertation Johannes Kepler Universität Linz 2025Arbeit nach Ablauf der Sperre auf den öffentlichen PCs in den Bibliotheken der JKU+Medizin abrufba
Imprecise probability assessments and the Square of Opposition
No full textThere is a long history of investigations on the square of opposition spanning over two millenia. A square of opposition represents logical relations among basic sentence types in a diagrammatic way. The basic sentence types, traditionally denoted by A (universal affirmative: ''Every S is P''), E (universal negative: ''No S is P''), I (particular affirmative: ''Some S are P''), and O (particular negative: ''Some S are not P''), constitute the corners of the square, and the logical relations--contradiction, contrarity, subalternation, and sub-contrarity--form the diagonals and the sides of the square.
We investigate the square of opposition from a probabilistic point of view. To manage imprecise assessments which generally are non-closed or non-convex sets, we generalize the notions of coherence for interval-valued probability assessments to the case of imprecise (in the sense of set-valued) probability assessments. We interpret a basic sentence type as a pair (F,I), where F is a sequence of conditional events and I is an imprecise probability assessment on F. Moreover, by means of the notion of g-coherence, we introduce the above mentioned logical relations among our probabilistic interpretation of the sentences.
Then we show how to construct probabilistic versions of the square of opposition by forming suitable tri-partitions. Finally we present applications of the probabilistic square of oppositions to study defaults and the semantics of quantified statements
Reduced Visual and Frontal Cortex Activation During Visual Working Memory in Grapheme-Color Synaesthetes Relative to Young and Older Adults
No full textThe sensory recruitment model envisages visual working memory (VWM) as an emergent property that is encoded and maintained in sensory (visual) regions. The model implies that enhanced sensory-perceptual functions, as in synaesthesia, entail a dedicated VWM-system, showing reduced visual cortex activity as a result of neural specificity. By contrast, sensory-perceptual decline, as in old age, is expected to show enhanced visual cortex activity as a result of neural broadening. To test this model, young grapheme-color synaesthetes, older adults and young controls engaged in a delayed pair-associative retrieval and a delayed matching-to-sample task, consisting of achromatic fractal stimuli that do not induce synaesthesia. While a previous analysis of this dataset (Pfeifer et al., 2016) has focused on cued retrieval and recognition of pair-associates (i.e., long-term memory), the current study focuses on visual working memory and considers, for the first time, the crucial delay period in which no visual stimuli are present, but working memory processes are engaged. Participants were trained to criterion and demonstrated comparable behavioral performance on VWM tasks. Whole-brain and region-of-interest-analyses revealed significantly lower activity in synaesthetes’ middle frontal gyrus and visual regions (cuneus, inferior temporal cortex), respectively, suggesting greater neural efficiency relative to young and older adults in both tasks. The results support the sensory recruitment model and can explain age and individual WM-differences based on neural specificity in visual cortex
permanente Charaktere nachhaltiger architektur und Städtebau. Visionen einer postfossilen Gesellschaft
No full textAbbiamo bisogno di energia in tutti i settori della vita: le famiglie consumano grandi quantità di acqua ed elettricità, le nostre città non riescono ancora a immaginare la vita senza l'automobile. Ma la situazione critica del nostro pianeta costringe gli architetti e gli urbanisti a esplorare nuovi territori e prendere posizione nella società. La nostra vita nelle famiglie high-tech, nelle città a misura di auto e nei paesaggi urbani è ancora sostenibile?A cosa dobbiamo dire addio e cosa dobbiamo sviluppare? Le città e la mobilità del futuro, l'importanza del comfort sono alcune delle sfide che sempre più ci interesseranno
Die Familie des Adels. Forschungsergebnisse und -fragen in der deutschen Mediävistik
No full textSchuster P. Die Familie des Adels. Forschungsergebnisse und -fragen in der deutschen Mediävistik. In: Albertoni G, Pfeifer G, eds. Adelige Familienformen im Mittelalter - Strutture di famiglie nobiliari nel Medioevo. Innsbruck/Wien/München/Bozen; 2002: 13-36
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