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Turkish Gazis' (Injured Veterans) Transition into Civilian Life
No full textThe aim of this study was to describe the dimensions of Turkish Gazis' transition to civilian life, to explore the main factors that make this process easier or more difficult, and their psychological integration, that is, specifically, satisfaction with their life. To that end, this study examined the impact of combat-related traumatic stressor (e.g., functional limitations), personal resources (social support, sense of mastery), perceived mental health on Turkish veterans' adjustment into civilian life and their psychological integration. The data was collected in Turkey in 2015 by the researcher with the help of Türkiye Harp Malulü Gaziler Şehit Dul ve Yetimler Derneği, a non-profit veteran organization. The final sample included 240 Turkish Gazis. The level of perceived transition into civilian life and veterans' life satisfaction were the dependent variables in this study. A series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was conducted. Hayes' PROCESS macro 3.0 was utilized to measure the direct, indirect and moderation effects of variables on transition and life satisfaction among Gazis. The results demonstrated that perceived available social support, perceived sense of mastery and mental health partially mediated the association between Gazis' functional limitations and transition into civilian life and they fully mediated the association between functional limitations and life satisfaction. Among control variables, only household income predicted transition into civilian life, and place of residence was the only significant predictor of life satisfaction. However, neither social support nor mastery had moderation effect on the relationship between functional limitations and dependent variables. Policy implications and suggestions for further studies are also provided at the end of the dissertation
Identidad y fiscalidad: los gazis de Sevilla ante el pago del Servicio Morisco de 1597
No full textIn this paper the author analyses the resistence of cultural Islamic rooted groups, such as the Mudejares and gazis, to be included in the “Service of Grenadans”, which was created after the expulsion of the Moriscos from the Kingdom of Granada in 1591. Based on studies from different sources, mainly notary records, the paper reconstructs the evolution of the gazi and Berber categories from their presence in the kingdom of Granada as of 1502 until their deportation after the Alpujarras war. The author researches how the interpretation and assessment of these two categories changes depending on the interest and position of the different parties involved in the fiscal equalization process that the Moriscos imposed onto other minor categories of the new converted population in Castilian land during the XVI century. The reluctance of Sevillian Mudejares and gazis to pay the new tax shows the differences existing not only within the Morisco community but also between this community and the rest of the Islamic based population in Castile, due to the diverse geographical origin of each group and the conflicts between the deported Grenadan citizen hierarchies with individuals from different origins and social structures.En este trabajo se analiza la resistencia de grupos de raigambre cultural islámica como los mudéjares y gazis a su inclusión en el «servicio de los naturales del Reino de Granada» creado tras la expulsión de los moriscos de dicho reino a partir de 1591. A través del análisis de diversa documentación, fundamentalmente notarial, se reconstruye la evolución de las categorías de gazi y berberisco desde su presencia en el reino de Granada tras 1502 hasta su ulterior deportación tras la guerra de las Alpujarras. Se estudia aquí la variable interpretación y valoración de estas dos categorías según el interés y posición de los distintos actores implicados en el proceso de homogeneización fiscal que los moriscos impusieron a otras categorías menores de la población neoconversa presente en suelo castellano en el siglo XVI. La resistencia de los mudéjares antiguos y gazis de la ciudad de Sevilla muestra las divergencias que existían tanto en el seno de la comunidad morisca como entre ésta y el resto de gentes de origen islámico en Castilla, que se debían a la diversidad de origen geográfico de su procedencia así como a la colisión de las jerarquías deportadas desde la ciudad de Granada con individuos de otra procedencia y estructuras sociales diferentes
Taxation and Identity: The Sevillian Gazis and the Morisco Tax Payment in 1597
No full textEn este trabajo se analiza la resistencia de grupos
de raigambre cultural islámica como los
mudéjares y gazis a su inclusión en el «servicio
de los naturales del Reino de Granada»
creado tras la expulsión de los moriscos de
dicho reino a partir de 1591. A través del análisis
de diversa documentación, fundamentalmente
notarial, se reconstruye la evolución de
las categorías de gazi y berberisco desde su
presencia en el reino de Granada tras 1502
hasta su ulterior deportación tras la guerra de
las Alpujarras. Se estudia aquí la variable interpretación
y valoración de estas dos categorías
según el interés y posición de los distintos
actores implicados en el proceso de homogeneización
fiscal que los moriscos impusieron
a otras categorías menores de la población neoconversa
presente en suelo castellano en el
siglo XVI. La resistencia de los mudéjares antiguos
y gazis de la ciudad de Sevilla muestra
las divergencias que existían tanto en el seno
de la comunidad morisca como entre ésta y el
resto de gentes de origen islámico en Castilla,
que se debían a la diversidad de origen geográfico
de su procedencia así como a la colisión
de las jerarquías deportadas desde la
ciudad de Granada con individuos de otra procedencia
y estructuras sociales diferentes.In this paper the author analyses the resistence
of cultural Islamic rooted groups, such as the
Mudejares and Gazis, to be included in the
“Service of Grenadans”, which was created
after the expulsion of the Moriscos from the
Kingdom of Granada in 1591. Based on studies
from different sources, mainly notary
records, the paper reconstructs the evolution
of the Gazi and Berber categories from their
presence in the kingdom of Granada as of
1502 until their deportation after the Alpujarras
war. The author researches how the interpretation
and assessment of these two
categories changes depending on the interest
and position of the different parties involved
in the fiscal equalization process that the
Moriscos imposed onto other minor categories
of the new converted population in Castilian
land during the XVI century. The reluctance
of Sevillian Mudejares and Gazis to pay the
new tax shows the differences existing not
only within the Morisco community but also
between this community and the rest of the Islamic
based population in Castile, due to the
diverse geographical origin of each group and
the conflicts between the deported Grenadan
citizen hierarchies with individuals from different
origins and social structures
New Trends in Homeric Scholarship Homer’s Name, Underworld and Lyric Voice
No full textL’articolo presenta un saggio di alcune fra le tendenze che più hanno rinnovato gli studi omerici negli ultimi anni e che più possono interessare anche i non specialisti. Nel quadro del rinnovato interesse per la “storicità” dei poemi, favorita da nuove scoperte archeologiche e da una migliore conoscenza degli stretti rapporti fra epica greca e tradizioni vicino-orientali, Andrea Debiasi propone una convincente interpretazione del nome di Omero, che indica in lui il “performer-agonista” per eccellenza e ne proietta la biografia fantastica sullo sfondo delle guerre che segnarono l’Eubea in età arcaica. Quello che in Omero è chiaramente fuori dalla carta geografica e dal tempo storico è invece oggetto dello studio di George Gazis, dedicato all’Ade: un mondo invisibile agli stessi dèi, sottratto al tempo allo spazio e quindi luogo di incubazione per la consapevole invenzione, anche poetica – negli studi recenti, il ritorno della “storia” è andato di pari passo con la tendenza opposta ma perfettamente compatibile di ritrovare nei poemi una giustapposi-zione continua e sistematica fra realia e rappresentazioni simboliche. Infine, Cecilia Nobili mostra che l’epica omerica presuppone l’esistenza di generi poetici, come l’elegia, che sono attestati solo in epiche più tarde: dire che la lirica nasce da un confronto oppositivo con l’epica si rivela quindi non più vero del suo contrario, e la svolta “soggettiva” spesso attribuita all’epica ellenistica e poi romana ha in realtà un saldo ancoraggio nello stesso Omero.This paper hosts three case-studies that are meant to be representative of paradigmshifting trends in Homeric Studies and to cater to specialists and non-specialists alike. Boosted by new archaeological findings and by an increased awareness of Homer’s Near-Eastern entanglements, the “historicity” of the poems has regained centre stage. Against this backdrop, Andrea Debiasi develops a persuasive interpretation of Homer’s name, whose meaning points to the performative-agonistic dimension of Homeric poetry in the context of the clashes that characterized Euboia in the archaic age. By contrast, George Gazis focuses on the one aspect of the Homeric world that cannot possibly be mapped onto space and history, namely Hades. The underworld is unfathomable even for the gods, which accounts for its potential as a trigger of poetic invention. No less than Debiasi’s, this approach resonates with recent scholarship: a return to “history” is often complemented by an opposite, but fully compatible, “symbolic” trend, which has unraveled the systematic juxtaposition, in Homer’s world, between “history” and symbolic constructs. Finally, Cecilia Nobili shows that Homeric epics builds on pre-existing poetic genres such as elegy, although the earliest extant examples of the latter date to a later time. The claim that lyric poetry emerges though a confrontation with epics, then, is no less plausible than its opposite. One more important consequence of Nobili’s approach is that the “subjective” turn scholars have long recognized in Hellenistic and Roman epics is in fact firmly grounded in Homer himself
Development and diffusion of building-integrated photovoltaics: analysing innovation dynamics in multi-sectoral technologies
No full textThe ongoing transformation of the energy system along a more sustainable trajectory
requires advancements in a range of technological fields, as well as active involvement
of different societal groups. Integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the built
environment in particular is expected to play a crucial long-term role in the deployment
of renewable energy technologies in urban areas, demanding the successful cooperation of
planners, architects, engineers, scientists and users. The realisation of that technological
change will require innovation at both an individual (within firms and organisations)
and a collective (sector) level, giving rise to systemic approaches for its characterisation
and analysis of its drivers.
This study investigates the processes that either accelerate or hinder the development
and diffusion of Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) applications into the market. Affected
by developments in both the renewable energy and construction industries, the BIPV
innovation system is a multi-sectoral case that has been explored only partially up to
now. Acknowledging the fact that drivers of innovation span the globalised BIPV supply
chain, this research adopts both an international and a national spatial perspective
focusing on the UK.
The analysis is based on a novel analytical framework which was developed in order
to capture innovation dynamics at different levels, including technological advancements
within firms, competition and synergy with other emerging and established innovation
systems and pressures from the wider socio-economic configuration. This hybrid
functional framework was conceived by combining elements from three academic strands:
Technological Innovation Systems, the Multi-Level Perspective and Business Studies.
The empirical research is based on various methods, including desktop research, semi-structured
interviews and in-depth firm-level case studies. A thorough market assessment
provides the techno-economic background for the research. The hybrid framework is
used as a guide throughout the empirical investigation and is also implemented in the
analytical part of the study to organise and interpret the findings, in order to assess the
overall functionality of the innovation system.
The analysis has underlined a range of processes that affect the development and
diffusion of BIPV applications including inherent technological characteristics, societal
factors and wider transitions within the energy and construction sectors. Future
approaches for the assessment and governance of BIPV innovation will need to address
its hybrid character and disruptiveness with regards to incumbent configurations, in
order to appreciate its significance over the short and long term.
Methodological and conceptual findings show that the combination of insights from
different analytical perspectives offers a broader understanding of the processes affecting
innovation dynamics in emerging technologies. Different approaches can be used in
tandem to overcome methodological weaknesses, provide different analytical perspectives
and assess the performance of complex innovation systems, which may span multiple
countries and sectors. By better reflecting complexities, tensions and synergies, the
framework developed here offers a promising way forward for the analysis of emerging
sustainable technologies
Summary of sizes, weights, counts and coverage of poly-metallic nodules from box cores taken during SONNE cruises SO268/1 and SO268/2
No full textAggregation of single nodule measurements (see https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.904962) to values describing the entire box corer:
- Nodules [#]: Total number of nodules sampled in the box corer (N). Includes surface nodules (N_s) and those from deeper layers (N_d)
- Nodules [#](buried): Number of nodules from deeper layers (N_d) in the box corer that were not visible on the sea floor surface
- Nodules size [cm^2]: The area A_i [cm^2] of an individual nodule n_i was computed from its two main axes (a_i [mm] & b_i [mm]) and the ellipsoidal formula (A_i = pi * a_i/2 * b_i/2 * 0.01). The value given here represents the median value of all nodule sizes in this box corer (Nodules size [cm^2] = MEDIAN(A_i,i=1..N)
- Nodules m [kg]: Sum of the weights w_i [g] of all nodules in the box corer (surface and deeper layers; Nodules m [kg] = SUM(n_i,i=1..N)) * 0.001. To quantify nodule abundance per square meter, multiply this value by 4!
- Nodules [%]: The sum of all nodule sizes A_i [cm^2] (i=1..N_s) visible at the seafloor, divided by the area of the box corer (50x50 cm^2): Nodules [%] = SUM(A_i,i=1..N_s) / 250
Ο Νietzsche, o G. W. Leibniz, και η υπόσχεση της τελειοκρατίας
No full textΣτην παρούσα εργασία αξιοποιείται ένα σχήμα σύγκρουσης και νιτσεϊκής κριτικής προς την τελειοκρατία του G. W. Leibniz προκειμένου με αυτόν τον τρόπο να αναζητηθεί το ενδεχόμενο και η πιθανή μορφή θετικής νιτσεϊκής ηθικής τελειοκρατίας η οποία να είναι ικανή να καλύψει τις ανάγκες και τα χαρακτηριστικά που καθιστούν την τελειοκρατία θελκτική προς τον σημερινό ερευνητή και αναγνώστη.This present paper employs a Nietzsche based criticism towards G. W. Leibniz's moral perfectionism in order to use this form of philosophical comparison to effectively examine the possibility of a positive Netzschean moral philosophy that remains relevant and productive to this day
Wild life passer species recognition from a technical passage through data fusion of a wireless sensor network
No full textDevelopment of a cost-effectiveness model for optimisation of the screening interval in diabetic retinopathy screening
No full textBACKGROUND:
The English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme was established in 2003. Eligible people are invited annually for digital retinal photography screening. Those found to have potentially sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) are referred to surveillance clinics or to Hospital Eye Services.
OBJECTIVES:
To determine whether personalised screening intervals are cost-effective.
DESIGN:
Risk factors were identified in Gloucestershire, UK using survival modelling. A probabilistic decision hidden (unobserved) Markov model with a misgrading matrix was developed. This informed estimation of lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in patients without STDR. Two personalised risk stratification models were employed: two screening episodes (SEs) (low, medium or high risk) or one SE with clinical information (low, medium-low, medium-high or high risk). The risk factor models were validated in other populations.
SETTING:
Gloucestershire, Nottinghamshire, South London and East Anglia (all UK).
PARTICIPANTS:
People with diabetes in Gloucestershire with risk stratification model validation using data from Nottinghamshire, South London and East Anglia.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Personalised risk-based algorithm for screening interval; cost-effectiveness of different screening intervals.
RESULTS:
Data were obtained in Gloucestershire from 12,790 people with diabetes with known risk factors to derive the risk estimation models, from 15,877 people to inform the uptake of screening and from 17,043 people to inform the health-care resource-usage costs. Two stratification models were developed: one using only results from previous screening events and one using previous screening and some commonly available GP data. Both models were capable of differentiating groups at low and high risk of development of STDR. The rate of progression to STDR was 5 per 1000 person-years (PYs) in the lowest decile of risk and 75 per 1000 PYs in the highest decile. In the absence of personalised risk stratification, the most cost-effective screening interval was to screen all patients every 3 years, with a 46% probability of this being cost-effective at a £30,000 per QALY threshold. Using either risk stratification models, screening patients at low risk every 5 years was the most cost-effective option, with a probability of 99-100% at a £30,000 per QALY threshold. For the medium-risk groups screening every 3 years had a probability of 43-48% while screening high-risk groups every 2 years was cost-effective with a probability of 55-59%.
CONCLUSIONS:
The study found that annual screening of all patients for STDR was not cost-effective. Screening this entire cohort every 3 years was most likely to be cost-effective. When personalised intervals are applied, screening those in our low-risk groups every 5 years was found to be cost-effective. Screening high-risk groups every 2 years further improved the cost-effectiveness of the programme. There was considerable uncertainty in the estimated incremental costs and in the incremental QALYs, particularly with regard to implications of an increasing proportion of maculopathy cases receiving intravitreal injection rather than laser treatment. Future work should focus on improving the understanding of risk, validating in further populations and investigating quality issues in imaging and assessment including the potential for automated image grading
Characterization and microsatellite marker development for Geosmithia obscura, a common bark and ambrosia beetle associate
No full textBackground. Symbioses between Geosmithia fungi and wood-boring and bark beetles seldom result in disease induction within the plant host. Yet exceptions exist such as Geosmithia morbida, the causal agent of Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) of walnuts and wingnuts and Geosmithia sp. 41, the causal agent of Foamy Bark Canker disease of oaks. Isolates of G. obscura were recovered from black walnut trees in eastern Tennessee and at least one isolate induced cankers following artificial inoculation. Due to the putative pathogenicity and lack of recovery of G. obscura from natural lesions, a molecular diagnostic screening tool was developed using microsatellite markers mined from the G. obscura genome.
Results. A total of 3,256 candidate microsatellite markers were identified (2236, 789, 137 di-, tri-, and tetra- motifs were identified, respectively), with 2011, 703, 101 di-, tri-, and tetra- motifs containing markers with primers. From these, 75 microsatellite markers were randomly selected, screened, and optimized, resulting in 28 polymorphic markers that yielded single, consistently recovered bands which were used in downstream analyses. Five of these microsatellite markers were found to be specific to G. obscura and did not cross-amplify into other, closely related species. Although the remaining tested markers could be useful, they cross-amplified within different Geosmithia species, making them not reliable for G. obscura detection.
Conclusion. Five novel microsatellite markers (GOBS9, GOBS10, GOBS41, GOBS43, GOBS50) were developed based on G. obscura genome. These species-specific microsatellite markers are available as a tool for use in molecular diagnostics and can assist future surveillance studies.Abyss assembly of 9.1 million paired sequencing reads from DNA of G. obscura resulted in 5,752 unitigs spanning 28.9 Mb with an N50 of 24,134 and 47.4x coverage. The assembled sequences were screened for microsatellite development, from which 1,653 unitigs yielded at least one microsatellite marker, resulting in 3,256 candidate microsatellite markers. From this group, we identified 94 compound microsatellites, which were either located next to each other, or separated by less than 15 base pairs (bp), and 2,815 microsatellite markers with flanking primer sequences. Parameters for minimum number of replicates for each motif were established at 8 for dinucleotides, 7 for trinucleotides, and 6 for tetranucleotides. Using these baseline parameters, a total of 2236, 789, 137 di-, tri-, and tetra- motifs were identified respectively, with 2011, 703, 101 di-, tri-, and tetra- motifs containing markers with primers.
We tested 75 markers for amplification and the presence of polymorphic bands. All tested markers resulted in amplification, and a total of 36 markers were polymorphic (11 di-, 13 tri-, 12 tetra-nucleotides). Further optimization of the microsatellite markers yielded 28 markers with single, consistently recovered bands (Table 3), which were used to test cross-amplification of G. obscura markers into other Geosmithia species.
Funding provided by: National Institute of Food and AgricultureCrossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005825Award Number: Hatch project 1009630 (TEN00495)Funding provided by: Cooperative Agreement between the USDA FS Pacific Southwest Research Station and the University of Tennessee*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number: 15-CA-11272139-050Funding provided by: University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Departments of Entomology and Plant Pathology and Plant Sciences*Crossref Funder Registry ID: Award Number:Genome sequencing, assembly, and microsatellite development
For whole-genome sequencing DNA from G. obscura isolate 6BE2, which originally was cultured from body wash samples from a X. crassiusculus beetle live-trapped in eastern Tennessee (Chahal et al. 2019), was extracted using Qiagen Blood and Cell Culture DNA Kit Maxi (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA), according to the protocol (Gazis et al., 2016). Libraries were prepared at the Michigan State University Genomics Core lab (https://rtsf.natsci.msu.edu/genomics/) using the Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA Library Preparation kit on a Perkin Elmer Sciclone G3 robot following the manufacturer's recommendation. Completed libraries were checked for quality (QC) and quantified using a combination of Qubit dsDNA HS and Caliper LabChipGX HS DNA assays. All libraries were pooled in equimolar amounts based on QC and quantified using the Kapa Biosystems Illumina Library Quantification qPCR kit. Library sequencing was performed with Illumina HiSeq 4000 flow cell using a 2x150bp paired end format and a HiSeq 4000 SBS reagent kit. Base calling was completed using Illumina Real Time Analysis (RTA) v2.7.6 and output of RTA was demultiplexed and converted to FastQ format with Illumina Bcl2fastq v2.19.0.
The transcript quality of these reads was assessed using FastQC (Andrews, 2010) and error correction performed using default values with Bloom Filter Correction (BFC) (Li, 2015). Using the trimming program Skewer (Jiang et al., 2014) adapter sequences were removed and reads were filtered by requiring a minimal quality score of 20 in at least 70% of the bases. With the exception of minimal read length after trimming set to 30, all default parameters were used. Next, the transcripts were assembled using Assembly By Short Sequences (ABySS), specifically its paired-end option, abyss-pe, using a k-mer size of 81 and default settings for all other options (Simpson et al., 2009). Finally, sequences were masked for low complexity regions with Dustmasker (level of 1) (Morgulis et al., 2006).
Microsatellite markers were identified with a custom perl script (Staton and Ficklin, 2018) (Table 1). This script utilizes Primer3 (Rozen and Skaletsky, 2000) to search for di, tri, and tetra-repeating motifs, with primer product size range between 100-250 base pairs long (Untergasser et al., 2012). This script also produced text files containing the IDs and forward and reverse primers for the identified markers; these would be used to identify common regions between the different species' genome scaffolds.
Fungal strain selection, DNA extraction, amplification and molecular confirmation
Following Gazis et al. (2018) protocol, axenic cultures from seven G. obscura isolates and 18 additional isolates of Geosmithia species (Table 2) were placed onto Difco™ Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) (Becton, Dickinson and company, Sparks, MD, USA) at 22⁰C for up to two weeks, after which mycelium was harvested for DNA extraction. For species confirmation, GeneJet Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) was used, following manufacturer's protocols with slight modifications. These modifications included increased proteinase K to 40 µL/sample and an extended overnight incubation period at 56°C. Samples were quantified using a nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and stored at -20⁰C until used. To confirm the identity of the Geosmithia isolates, the RNA operon was amplified and sequenced using the ITS primers ITS1F (Gardes and Bruns, 1993) and ITS4R (White et al., 1990), following Gazis et al. (2018) protocol. PCR product was visualized on a 2% agarose gel and sent to MCLAB (www.mclab.com) for cleaning and sequencing. Sequenced strands were assembled into contigs using Sequencher 5.0 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Sequences were compared to the NCBI nucleotide database using BLAST search optimized to exclude uncultured/environmental sample sequences and to search sequences from type material. If species identity of 99-100% was not obtained, an unrestricted BLAST search was performed (Table 2). Additional Geosmithia spp. (G. obscura CBS121749, G. lavendula CBS344.49, G. pallida CBS260.33,) and other species (Penicillium [formerly Geosmithia] namyslowskii CBS686.85 and Talaromyces [formerly Geosmithia] viridulus CBS252.07) were acquired as DNA samples from The Dutch Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) Fungal Biodiversity Centre collection or from previously verified DNA samples from our collection [G. obscura 14MCE1, G. sp. 23 4MN3, G. morbida GM182, G. morbida GM249, G. morbida GM250, and Rasamsonia argillacea (Stolk, H.C. Evans & T. Nilsson) Houbraken & Frisvad (formerly G. argillacea)].
Microsatellite characterization and cross-amplification
A total of 2815 microsatellite markers were identified with flanking primer sequences. Of those, 75 microsatellite markers (consisting of 25 di-, 25 tri-, and 25 tetra-nucleotide sequences) were randomly selected and screened to identify polymorphic markers. For the initial characterization, all primer pairs were tested using three G. obscura and one G. morbida isolates. PCR reactions were conducted using 4 µL GoTaq G2 Hot Start Colorless Master Mix (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA), 1 µL each forward and reverse primers, 0.5 µL DMSO, 5 µL sterile water, and 1 µL genomic DNA providing a 12.5 µL sample volume. Samples were placed in a SimpliAmp ThermalCycler (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with the following protocol: 94°C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 40 sec, annealing at 55°C for 40 sec, and primer extension at 72°C for 30 sec, followed by 72°C for 4 min. PCR products were separated using a QIAxcel Capillary Electrophoresis System (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA) with a 25-500 bp size standard. Products with a relative fluorescence unit (RFU) of 100 or greater were scored as positive amplification. Only a subset of microsatellite markers (n=28) that were identified as polymorphic were further screened in the cross-amplification study. To accomplish this step, six G. obscura isolates along with 24 isolates from nine different Geosmithia species and three additional isolates outside Geosmithia were screened. Isolates were amplified using the PCR protocol described above and separated using QIAxcel Capillary Electrophoresis System with an RFU value of 100 or greater scored as positive. Number of alleles and haploid genetic diversity was obtained using the program GenAlEx 6.5 (Peakall and Smouse, 2012)
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