1,720,958 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Hurting or Saving the Poor?
Get PDFPolicy makers hesitate to increase
tobacco taxes over concerns about taxes being regressive and
potentially increasing poverty and inequality. This note
summarizes a set of studies of the effects of raising
tobacco taxes in 11 low and middle-income countries using an
extended cost-benefit analysis (ECBA) and harmonized
national household budget survey data and introduces the
TOBACTAX Tool. The studies find that demand price
elasticities for tobacco products are larger among
lower-income households and that the poor receive the
largest long-term gains from tobacco taxation. Tobacco taxes
have progressive long-term effects due to lower medical
expenses and added years of productive life, which
contribute to poverty reduction in most countries studied.
TOBACTAX Tool can help replicate such analyses elsewhere
Welfare and Distributional Gains of Smoking Cessation
No full textThis paper analyzes the welfare and
distributional impacts of increasing taxes on cigarettes in
Georgia. Increasing taxes on tobacco is an effective measure
to reduce smoking. According to some estimates, increasing
tobacco taxes could save more than GEL 3.6 billion and 53
thousand lives over a 15-year period. However, concerns over
potentially regressive effects on the poor are often raised.
An Extended Cost Benefit Analysis (ECBA) is applied to
simulate the welfare and distributional impacts of raising
prices on cigarettes. Decile-specific price elasticities of
demand are estimated to account for heterogenous behavioral
responses of different income groups. Empirical estimations
confirm that poorer households in Georgia tend to reduce
consumption more intensely when faced with higher tobacco
prices. The estimated magnitude and distribution of
elasticities are comparable to peer countries. The
simulations based on household survey data suggest that the
long-term net distributional effects of increasing taxes on
cigarettes in Georgia are likely progressive. Incorporating
the indirect benefits of reduced smoking -- reductions in
medical expenses and earnings from adverted premature deaths
-- could bring small, albeit positive, income gains for
large sectors of the population. The magnitude of those
benefits is most significant among lower-income households,
potentially contributing to lift them out of poverty
The Welfare and Distributional Effects of Increasing Taxes on Tobacco in Vietnam
No full textThis paper assesses the welfare and
distributional effects of raising taxes on tobaccoin
Vietnam. Tobacco taxes are recognized as effective policy
tools to reduce tobaccoconsumption and to improve health
outcomes. However, policy makers often hesitateto use them
because of claims of their potentially regressive effects.
According to thoseclaims, poorer households are particularly
hurt by tobacco tax policies, as cigarettepurchases
represent a larger share of their budgets relative to
higher-income smokers.The paper argues that the claims on
the regressive effects of tobacco tax policies arebased on
naive, shortsighted, and incorrect estimations.
Tobacco-related illnessesdamage health outcomes and the
quality of the lives of smokers and their families,
whilethey also cost billions of dollars in medical
expenditures and losses in human capital andproductivity
every year. Tobacco consumption imposes heavy economic
burdens onhouseholds and governments, in addition to its
well-known negative health and socialimpacts. Raising taxes
on cigarettes dissuades consumption, hence improving
healthoutcomes, adverting premature deaths, and reducing
direct and indirect economic costs.The analysis applies the
Extended Cost Benefit Analysis (ECBA) methodology to
simulateempirically the costs, as well as the benefits of
increasing the prices on cigarettes onthe welfare of
Vietnamese households. Following a well-established body of
literature,the ECBA acknowledges that there may be
short-term direct negative effects of raisingprices on
tobacco, as smokers can struggle to continue to purchase
tobacco with theirunchanged household budgets. However, the
model also incorporates two of the mainbenefits of reducing
tobacco consumption by increasing taxes: (a) the reduction
insmoking-related medical expenses borne by households and
(b) the additional incomesthat households can earn by
preventing years of productive life lost due to smoking
attributablepremature deaths. A critical contribution of the
ECBA is to incorporate decile-specific price elasticities of
demand for cigarettes, to quantify the behavioral responses
or sensitivity of smokers in different income groups to
changes in cigarette prices. To the knowledge of the
authors, this is the first available empirical exercise to
estimate price elasticities by income decile in Vietnam.
Consistent with the literature and with empirical findings
in other countries, the price elasticities of demand for
cigarettes are larger for lower-income households. Lower
income smokers are likely to reduce their tobacco
consumption more drastically, when faced with a price
increase. The ultimate distributional effect on welfare of
the increasein the price of cigarettes due to tax increases
will then depend on assessing the potentialbenefits against
the short-term costs
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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