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Fornybarhet for fornybarhetens skyld?
Get PDFDenne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan ulike definisjoner av fornybarhet og variasjoner
i CO2-faktorer påvirker valg og vurdering av energikilder i nullutslippsnabolag. Studien tar
utgangspunkt i målet om å redusere klimagassutslipp innen 2050 og søker å forstå hvordan
forskjellige energikilder og lokal energiproduksjon kan bidra til å nå dette målet.
Studien benytter en kombinasjon av casestudier av Furuset og Campus Evenstad,
litteratursøk, dokumentstudie og dybdeintervjuer med nøkkelpersoner i bransjen.
Litteratursøkene identifiserer relevante CO2-faktorer og utforsker ulike definisjoner av
fornybarhet. Casestudiene gir konkrete eksempler på hvordan ulike energikilder og
konverteringsteknologier påvirker klimagassberegningene. Intervjuene er ment å gi innsikt i
bransjeaktørenes forståelse og anvendelse av fornybarhet og CO2 -faktorer. Metodene
inkluderer analyser av energibehov, energisystemkomposisjon, og scenarier for energibruk i
nullutslippsnabolagene.
Resultatene viser at CO2-faktorer varierer betydelig avhengig av kilde og beregningsmetode.
Studien benytter to sett med CO2-faktorer for beregningene: ett best-case scenario med de
laveste verdiene og ett worst-case scenario med de høyeste faktorene. Funnene indikerer at
definisjonen av fornybarhet og valg av CO2-faktorer har stor innvirkning på beregningen
av klimagassutslippene fra energisystemene i nullutslippsnabolag. Basert på resultatene
virker det ikke å være en absolutt sannhet at fornybarhet medfører klimagassreduksjon,
da konverteringsteknologier og elektrisitetsmiksen i produksjonslandene kan føre til høye
utslipp selv om energikilden er definert som fornybar. For en mer nøyaktig vurdering kreves
komplekse modeller som tar hensyn til dynamiske aspekter i strømnettet.
Studien konkluderer med at det er avgjørende å bruke presise og sammenlignbare CO2-
faktorer for å sikre informerte beslutninger i energipolitikken, da valg av CO2-faktorer
påvirker valg av energikilder, og dermed energisystemets klimagassutslipp. Ulike definisjoner
av fornybarhet ivaretar klimagassreduksjon i ulik grad, og viktigheten av et hensiktsmessig
begrep i energipolitikken bekreftes gjennom funnene hvor perspektivet med fornyelse
som eneste vurderingspunkt ikke ivaretar utslippsreduksjon. Selv om det varierer hvilke
energikilder som kommer gunstig ut i klimagassregnskapet i norsk kontekst, vil scenariene for
energisystemene trolig være mer klimagassbesparende enn import fra strømnettet i Europa.
Lokal energiproduksjon avlaster strømnettet, men studien anbefaler en grundigere evaluering
av livssyklusanalyser å støtte iformerte og bærekraftige beslutninger i energisektoren.
Nøkkelord: Nullutslippsnabolag, CO2-faktor, energisystem, klimagassutslipp, fornybare
energikilder, fjernvarme, solkraft, vindkraft, avfall, ansvarsallokering, biomasse.This master’s thesis aims to investigate how various definitions of renewability and
variations in CO2-factors affect the choice and assessment of energy sources in zero-emission
neighborhoods (ZENs). The background for the study is the need to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and understand how different energy sources and local energy production can
contribute to this goal.
The study employs a combination of literature reviews, case studies of Furuset and Campus
Evenstad, and interviews with key industry personnel. The literature reviews identify
relevant CO2-factors and explore different definitions of renewability. The case studies
provide concrete examples of how various energy sources and conversion technologies impact
greenhouse gas calculations. The interviews aim to gain insights into industry professionals
understanding and application of these concepts.
The results show that CO2-factors vary significantly depending on the source and assesment
method. The study presents two sets of CO2-factors: one best-case scenario with the lowest
values and one worst-case scenario with the highest values. The findings indicate that
the definition of renewability and the choice of factors greatly influence the calculation
of greenhouse gas emissions from energy systems in ZENs. The results suggest that there
is no direct correlation between renewability and greenhouse gas reduction, as conversion
technologies and the electricity mix in the producing countries can lead to high emissions
even if the energy source is defined as renewable. Complex models accounting for dynamic
aspects of the power grid are required for a more accurate assessment.
The study concludes that it is crucial to use precise and comparable CO2-factors to
ensure informed decisions in energy policy. The choice of CO2-factors can lead to different
preference of energy sources, thereby significantly impacting the energy system’s greenhouse
gas emissions. Different definitions of renewability support greenhouse gas reduction to
varying degrees, and the importance of an appropriate concept in energy policy is confirmed
by the results of this study, showing that focusing solely on renewability does not necessarily
ensure emissions reduction. Although some energy sources may appear less favorable in
Norwegian greenhouse gas context, they are likely more greenhouse gas-reducing than
importing electricity from other European countries. Local energy production relieves the
power grid, but the study recommends thorough life cycle analyses to improve greenhouse
gas calculations and support sustainable energy decisions.
Keywords: Zero-emission neighborhoods, CO2-factor, Energy system, Greenhouse gas
emissions, Renewable energy sources, Responsibility allocation, District heating, Solar power,
Wind power, Sustainable resource use
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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