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Prisms for timing better: A review on application of prism adaptation on temporal domain
No full textThe possibility to induce a transient modulation of visuo-spatial attention boosted so far the implementation of the prism adaptation in a variety of domains. This sensorimotor technique has been adopted to investigate the neural plasticity in neurologically healthy individuals, as well as to ameliorate deficit of visuo-spatial attention (which characterizes neglect patients' performance). We review here evidence about a new promising application of prisms in exploring how the human brain represents the subjective time flow on a spatially oriented “mental time line”. Converging observations in healthy individuals suggest that altering spatial attention processing via prism adaptation can influence the spatial representation of time. These modulatory effects are generalizable to different aspects of time, such as the abilities to estimate time duration and to mentally travel in time. Furthermore, data from brain damaged patients, with a special focus on right brain-damaged patients with neglect, indicate that prismatic procedure ameliorates temporal deficits, hence paving the way to novel clinical applications. We conclude by discussing the possible cognitive mechanisms and neural circuits of the prism adaptation effects on time
Neglect in temporal domain: Amelioration following a prismatic adaptation treatment and implications in everyday life. A single case study
No full textAs in line bisection, in time bisection, neglect patients fail to process the first/left part of time representation (Mental-Time-Line-MTL) resulting in a rightward shift of the interval midpoint. A leftward shift of spatial attention after one session of prismatic-adaptation (PA) reduces this deficit. The impact on daily life of time deficit is little investigated in neglect. Here we study the time deficit and its ecological impact in an outpatient with neglect (LL) and the effects of a PA-treatment (ten sessions) on the deficit and its impact.
Before and after PA-treatment, LL completed a: time-bisection-task assessing the MTL in the milliseconds-seconds range; lifespan-task assessing the MTL in the lifespan range; qualitative interview assessing the impact on daily routines. Patient’s performance on the tasks was compared with the performance of non-neurological controls.
Before PA-treatment, LL showed a rightward shift in the time-bisection-task and a compression of life events distribution in the lifespan-task. The feeling “to be forward in time” emerged in the interview. The PA-treatment reduced the deficits in the tasks and the feeling “to be forward in time” in the interview. PA-treatment is suggested as a powerful instrument for the reduction of time deficit and its ecological impact in neglect patients
Prisms to travel in time: Investigation of time-space association through prismatic adaptation effect on mental time travel.
No full textAccumulating evidence suggests that humans process time and space in similar veins. Humans represent time along a spatial continuum, and perception of temporal durations can be altered through manipulations of spatial attention by prismatic adaptation (PA). Here, we investigated whether PA-induced manipulations of spatial attention can also influence more conceptual aspects of time, such as humans' ability to travel mentally back and forward in time (mental time travel, MTT). Before and after leftward- and rightward-PA, participants projected themselves in the past, present or future time (i.e., self-projection), and, for each condition, determined whether a series of events were located in the past or the future with respect to that specific self-location in time (i.e., self-reference). The results demonstrated that leftward and rightward shifts of spatial attention facilitated recognition of past and future events, respectively. These findings suggest that spatial attention affects the temporal processing of the human self
Time Interaction With Two Spatial Dimensions: From Left/Right to Near/Far
Full text linkIn this study, we explored the time and space relationship according to two different
spatial codings, namely, the left/right extension and the reachability of stimulus along
a near/far dimension. Four experiments were carried out in which healthy participants
performed the time and spatial bisection tasks in near/far space, before and after short
or long tool-use training. Stimuli were prebisected horizontal lines of different temporal
durations in which the midpoint was manipulated according to the Muller-Lyer illusion.
The perceptual illusory effects emerged in spatial but not temporal judgments. We
revealed that temporal and spatial representations dynamically change according to
the action potentialities of an individual: temporal duration was perceived as shorter and
the perceived line’s midpoint was shifted to the left in far than in near space. Crucially,
this dissociation disappeared following a long but not short tool-use training. Finally, we
observed age-related differences in spatial attention which may be crucial in building the
memory temporal standard to categorize durations
Cooperative tool-use reveals peripersonal and interpersonal spaces are dissociable
Full text linkThe space surrounding people is often termed Interpersonal (IPS) in social psychology and Peripersonal (PPS) in neuroscience. In the current debate about their origin, the prevalent opinion is they share common functional characteristics. Bucking the trend, here we report a dissociation between PPS, operationalized as reachable space, and IPS, operationalized as comfort space. To probe their plasticity we introduced a novel type of cooperative long-tool-use that would modify both spaces. Results showed the estimated IPS referred to another individual was reduced, as expected following a positive social interaction. In sharp contrast, the estimated PPS toward the very same cooperative person was actually extended after use of the same long-tool. Control short-tool-use selectively reduced IPS, but not PPS, when performed in the same cooperative set or had no effect on either space estimation, when performed in a neutral set where the other person is not interacting cooperatively, but simply observing. The use of tools to perform actions in social settings allows us to report the first strong evidence that PPS and IPS underlie dissociable plastic representations: the former representation is sensitive to long-tool-dependent plasticity, whereas the latter representation, independently of use of a short or long tool, is sensitive to cooperation-dependent plasticity
Prismatic Adaptation Induces Plastic Changes onto Spatial and Temporal Domains in Near and Far Space
Full text linkA large literature has documented interactions between space and time suggesting that the two experiential domains may share a common format in a generalized magnitude system (ATOM theory). To further explore this hypothesis, here we measured the extent to which time and space are sensitive to the same sensorimotor plasticity processes, as induced by classical prismatic adaptation procedures (PA). We also exanimated whether spatial-attention shifts on time and space processing, produced through PA, extend to stimuli presented beyond the immediate near space. Results indicated that PA affected both temporal and spatial representations not only in the near space (i.e., the region within which the adaptation occurred), but also in the far space. In addition, both rightward and leftward PA directions caused opposite and symmetrical modulations on time processing, whereas only leftward PA biased space processing rightward. We discuss these findings within the ATOM framework and models that account for PA effects on space and time processing. We propose that the differential and asymmetrical effects following PA may suggest that temporal and spatial representations are not perfectly aligned
Action and social spaces in typical development and in Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textResearch in neuroscience reveals that the brain constructs multiple representation of space. Here, we primarily focus on interpersonal representation, i.e., the region of space immediately surrounding our body, in which we interact with other people, in individuals with a deficit of social interaction, such as autism. We review results from several studies, revealing that autism affects the interpersonal space regulation, influencing both its size (permeability) and its changes depending on social interaction (plasticity). Indeed, individuals with autism prefer larger or shorter interpersonal space compared to healthy controls, thereby indicating a deficit of interpersonal space permeability. Furthermore, individual with autism fail to modify their interpersonal space following a brief cooperative interaction with an unfamiliar adult, suggesting a deficit in interpersonal space plasticity. Interestingly, the deficit observed in interpersonal space plasticity depends on person’s perspective and reflects the severity of social impairment. Finally, the link between social competence, action and space is addressed, showing that autism affects social-interpersonal space, but not action-peripersonal space
The Neurobiology of Time Processing
Full text linkCIBMThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licens
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