171,992 research outputs found
Figure 18 from: de Gier W, Fransen CHJM (2018) Odontonia plurellicola sp. n. and Odontonia bagginsi sp. n., two new ascidian-associated shrimp from Ternate and Tidore, Indonesia, with a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae). ZooKeys 765: 123-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.765.25277
No full textFigure 18 SEM photos details unguis. A Odontonia maldivensis Fransen, 2002, tip. B O. rufopunctata Fransen, 2002, tip C O. maldivensis, dorsal surface D O. rufopunctata, dorsal surface
Figure 16 from: de Gier W, Fransen CHJM (2018) Odontonia plurellicola sp. n. and Odontonia bagginsi sp. n., two new ascidian-associated shrimp from Ternate and Tidore, Indonesia, with a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae). ZooKeys 765: 123-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.765.25277
No full textFigure 16 SEM photos dactylus third pereiopod. A Odontonia bagginsi sp. n. B O. sibogae (Bruce, 1972) C O. katoi (Kubo, 1940) D O. rufopunctata Fransen, 2002 E O. seychellensis Fransen, 2002 F O. plurellicola sp. n. G O. maldivensis Fransen, 2006
Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: risk profile and risk prediction
No full textContains fulltext :
167168.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)Radboud University, 31 maart 2017Promotor : Riel, P.L.C.M. van Co-promotores : Fransen, J., Popa, C
Aschersonia aleyrodis as a microbial control agent of greenhouse whitefly
No full textVarious aspects of the development of the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersoniaaleyrodis as a control agent of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodesvaporariorum , were investigated. For control of greenhouse whitefly in tomato crops the parasitoid Encarsiaformosa has been successful, but in cucumber crops a successful suppression of the whitefly population is often not achieved. Therefore, an additional selective control method is needed. The attention was focused on the fungal pathogen Aschersoniaaleyrodis (Chapter 1).The spores of A. aleyrodis germinated on the integument of whitefly larvae. Penetration of the cuticle took place after formation of an appressorium. The haemolymph and insect tissues were colonized by the fungus and the insect changed in colour from transparent yellow green to clear or opaque orange. Under favourable conditions the mycelium protruded from the insect and orange-coloured spore masses were produced in a mucilaginous layer (Chapter 2).Information on the susceptibility of greenhouse whitefly at the various life stages is of importance for application of A. aleyrodis . Eggs of the host did not become infected. First instar, second instar and third instar larvae were highly susceptible to infection. Fourth instar larvae were susceptible to a lesser extent. When these larvae developed into the so-called prepupal and pupal stage the cuticle changed and the whitefly became more resistant. Generally, adults did not become infected (Chapter 3).Dose-mortality responses were determined for the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae. Several experiments over time were carried out which gave consistent results. The dosage of spores on leaves needed to obtain 50% mortality (LC50) of first, second and third instar larvae was 19.53 spores/mm 2, 21.03 spores/mm2 and 33.81 spores/mm 2, respectively. This represents a dose of about 0.77 spores per first instar larva, 1.44 per second instar larva and 4.39 spores per third instar larvae. The LC95 values, expressed as number of spores per amount sprayed, were 1.98 X 10 7spores/2ml for first instar larvae, 2.34 x 10 7spores/2ml for second instar larvae and 3.27 X 10 7spores/2ml for third instar larvae. The LC95 for fourth instar larvae was outside the dosage range tested. The LC50 varied with the age of the fourth instar larvae, from 6.0 x 10 6spores/2ml to 2.6 x 10 8spores/2ml in two different bioassays. The period before 50% of the larvae showed signs of infection (orange colouration) (LT50) at 20°C, was 11.8 days for first instar larvae, 9.5 days for second instar larvae and 7.0 days for third instar larvae, after application of 5.0 x 107 spores in 2 ml. The LT25 for fourth instar larvae was 5.6 days (Chapter 4).Another bioassay method was tested using cucumber leaf discs (6.5 cm, diameter). The presence of free water on the leaf surface enhanced the infection to such a degree that 77 to 90% of the larvae became infected after application of 1.0 x 10 6spores in 2 ml per leaf disc. No LC50 values could be derived. After exposure of larvae to dosages of 5.0 x 10 7and 1.0 x 10 8spores in 2 ml a delay in the development of infection was noticed. After treatment of fourth instar larvae the final percentage infection was lower at the higher dosages than at the lower dosages. This was different from the linear relationship found in previous bioassays on plants. on water agar the spores of A. aleyrodis showed reduced germination at high densities (3100 spores/mm2). This density-dependent effect of the spores on the germination was apparently also present when leaf discs were used under conditions of high humidity and free water on the leaf surface. This may indicate the presence of a self-inhibitor (Chapter 5).Impressions of cucumber leaves treated with A. aleyrodis spore suspension on water agar showed that only a low percentage of the spores (4.5%) germinated on the leaf surface. However, the ungerminated spores remained viable and infective for a long time. Spores from leaves treated 43 days before showed 78% germination after incubation on water agar for 24 hr. whitefly treated in the egg stage became infected when young larvae contacted spores on the leaf surface after hatching. Nearly all young larvae (96%) contacting spores present on the leaf surface for about 22 days became infected (Chapter 6).When aiming to apply A. aleyrodis in a glasshouse environment knowledge on the influence of temperature and relative humidity (RH) is wanted. over 90% of the A. aleyrodis spores germinated within 48 hr on water agar in the temperature range of 15 to 28°C. Larvae were infected at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C, with the most rapid development at 30°C, (LT50: 3.3 days), though the final mortality rates of whitefly at the different temperatures were the same. Spores on cellophane sheets were exposed to various relative humidities. Germination was fastest at 100% RH and 20°C (78% within 24 hr), but after 168 hr 88% of the spores germinated at 93.9% RH. In experiments using cucumber plants it was found that successful infection of the larvae occurred at a RH of 50% and 20°C A period of 100% RH for 24 hr enhanced the development of infection (LT50: 7.1 days). After exposure of the plants bearing treated larvae to 0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 hr 100% RH a linear relationship between these periods of high humidity and the LT50 values was not observed. The LT50 value amounted to 8.9, 8.6, 10.4 and 10.1 days for periods of 0, 3, 6 and 12 hr high RH, respectively. It is suggested that germinating spores are in a vulnerable phase after the periods of 6 and 12 hr at 100% RH, and are then highly susceptible to the decrease in RH from 100% to 50% (Chapter 7).Serial in vitro passages of the fungus influenced the rate in which signs of infection became apparent. one in vivo passage of A.aleyrodis on greenhouse whitefly did not influence the infection rate but this needs further investigation (Chapter 7).The interaction between A. aleyrodis and the parasitoid Encarsiaformosa was studied in relation to the introduction of both natural enemies for control of whitefly (Chapters 8 and 9). From behavioural observations it could be concluded that the parasitoid was able to distinguish infected hosts from noninfected hosts if the fungus is present in the haemolymph of the host. Infected larvae were rejected for oviposition after the ovipositor penetrated the host. From four days onwards after inoculation of the spores the parasitoid could detect the fungus in the host. By distinguishing between infected and noninfected hosts the parasitoid is able to complement the fungal pathogen. E. formosa was able to transmit A. aleyrodis from infected hosts to noninfected hosts by the contaminated ovipositor. The transmission of the fungus was restricted to one or two healthy hosts (Chapter 8).whitefly larvae parasitized by E. formosa more than three days before were not susceptible to infection by the fungus. Nonparasitized larvae, however, were still infected by the fungus. The regulation of this phenomenon of reduced susceptibility in parasitized larvae is yet unknown. It may be related to the hatching of the parasitoid larva from the egg in the host (Chapter 9).From the presented results of the experiments it can be concluded that A. aleyrodis shows promise as a microbial control agent of greenhouse whitefly in glasshouses (Chapter 10). Further research should be concentrated on the development of mass production, formulation of a product and application strategies.</TT
Aschersonia aleyrodis as a microbial control agent of greenhouse whitefly
No full textVarious aspects of the development of the entomopathogenic fungus Aschersoniaaleyrodis as a control agent of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodesvaporariorum , were investigated. For control of greenhouse whitefly in tomato crops the parasitoid Encarsiaformosa has been successful, but in cucumber crops a successful suppression of the whitefly population is often not achieved. Therefore, an additional selective control method is needed. The attention was focused on the fungal pathogen Aschersoniaaleyrodis (Chapter 1).The spores of A. aleyrodis germinated on the integument of whitefly larvae. Penetration of the cuticle took place after formation of an appressorium. The haemolymph and insect tissues were colonized by the fungus and the insect changed in colour from transparent yellow green to clear or opaque orange. Under favourable conditions the mycelium protruded from the insect and orange-coloured spore masses were produced in a mucilaginous layer (Chapter 2).Information on the susceptibility of greenhouse whitefly at the various life stages is of importance for application of A. aleyrodis . Eggs of the host did not become infected. First instar, second instar and third instar larvae were highly susceptible to infection. Fourth instar larvae were susceptible to a lesser extent. When these larvae developed into the so-called prepupal and pupal stage the cuticle changed and the whitefly became more resistant. Generally, adults did not become infected (Chapter 3).Dose-mortality responses were determined for the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae. Several experiments over time were carried out which gave consistent results. The dosage of spores on leaves needed to obtain 50% mortality (LC50) of first, second and third instar larvae was 19.53 spores/mm 2, 21.03 spores/mm2 and 33.81 spores/mm 2, respectively. This represents a dose of about 0.77 spores per first instar larva, 1.44 per second instar larva and 4.39 spores per third instar larvae. The LC95 values, expressed as number of spores per amount sprayed, were 1.98 X 10 7spores/2ml for first instar larvae, 2.34 x 10 7spores/2ml for second instar larvae and 3.27 X 10 7spores/2ml for third instar larvae. The LC95 for fourth instar larvae was outside the dosage range tested. The LC50 varied with the age of the fourth instar larvae, from 6.0 x 10 6spores/2ml to 2.6 x 10 8spores/2ml in two different bioassays. The period before 50% of the larvae showed signs of infection (orange colouration) (LT50) at 20°C, was 11.8 days for first instar larvae, 9.5 days for second instar larvae and 7.0 days for third instar larvae, after application of 5.0 x 107 spores in 2 ml. The LT25 for fourth instar larvae was 5.6 days (Chapter 4).Another bioassay method was tested using cucumber leaf discs (6.5 cm, diameter). The presence of free water on the leaf surface enhanced the infection to such a degree that 77 to 90% of the larvae became infected after application of 1.0 x 10 6spores in 2 ml per leaf disc. No LC50 values could be derived. After exposure of larvae to dosages of 5.0 x 10 7and 1.0 x 10 8spores in 2 ml a delay in the development of infection was noticed. After treatment of fourth instar larvae the final percentage infection was lower at the higher dosages than at the lower dosages. This was different from the linear relationship found in previous bioassays on plants. on water agar the spores of A. aleyrodis showed reduced germination at high densities (3100 spores/mm2). This density-dependent effect of the spores on the germination was apparently also present when leaf discs were used under conditions of high humidity and free water on the leaf surface. This may indicate the presence of a self-inhibitor (Chapter 5).Impressions of cucumber leaves treated with A. aleyrodis spore suspension on water agar showed that only a low percentage of the spores (4.5%) germinated on the leaf surface. However, the ungerminated spores remained viable and infective for a long time. Spores from leaves treated 43 days before showed 78% germination after incubation on water agar for 24 hr. whitefly treated in the egg stage became infected when young larvae contacted spores on the leaf surface after hatching. Nearly all young larvae (96%) contacting spores present on the leaf surface for about 22 days became infected (Chapter 6).When aiming to apply A. aleyrodis in a glasshouse environment knowledge on the influence of temperature and relative humidity (RH) is wanted. over 90% of the A. aleyrodis spores germinated within 48 hr on water agar in the temperature range of 15 to 28°C. Larvae were infected at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C, with the most rapid development at 30°C, (LT50: 3.3 days), though the final mortality rates of whitefly at the different temperatures were the same. Spores on cellophane sheets were exposed to various relative humidities. Germination was fastest at 100% RH and 20°C (78% within 24 hr), but after 168 hr 88% of the spores germinated at 93.9% RH. In experiments using cucumber plants it was found that successful infection of the larvae occurred at a RH of 50% and 20°C A period of 100% RH for 24 hr enhanced the development of infection (LT50: 7.1 days). After exposure of the plants bearing treated larvae to 0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 hr 100% RH a linear relationship between these periods of high humidity and the LT50 values was not observed. The LT50 value amounted to 8.9, 8.6, 10.4 and 10.1 days for periods of 0, 3, 6 and 12 hr high RH, respectively. It is suggested that germinating spores are in a vulnerable phase after the periods of 6 and 12 hr at 100% RH, and are then highly susceptible to the decrease in RH from 100% to 50% (Chapter 7).Serial in vitro passages of the fungus influenced the rate in which signs of infection became apparent. one in vivo passage of A.aleyrodis on greenhouse whitefly did not influence the infection rate but this needs further investigation (Chapter 7).The interaction between A. aleyrodis and the parasitoid Encarsiaformosa was studied in relation to the introduction of both natural enemies for control of whitefly (Chapters 8 and 9). From behavioural observations it could be concluded that the parasitoid was able to distinguish infected hosts from noninfected hosts if the fungus is present in the haemolymph of the host. Infected larvae were rejected for oviposition after the ovipositor penetrated the host. From four days onwards after inoculation of the spores the parasitoid could detect the fungus in the host. By distinguishing between infected and noninfected hosts the parasitoid is able to complement the fungal pathogen. E. formosa was able to transmit A. aleyrodis from infected hosts to noninfected hosts by the contaminated ovipositor. The transmission of the fungus was restricted to one or two healthy hosts (Chapter 8).whitefly larvae parasitized by E. formosa more than three days before were not susceptible to infection by the fungus. Nonparasitized larvae, however, were still infected by the fungus. The regulation of this phenomenon of reduced susceptibility in parasitized larvae is yet unknown. It may be related to the hatching of the parasitoid larva from the egg in the host (Chapter 9).From the presented results of the experiments it can be concluded that A. aleyrodis shows promise as a microbial control agent of greenhouse whitefly in glasshouses (Chapter 10). Further research should be concentrated on the development of mass production, formulation of a product and application strategies
Developing an inflectional lexicon for Old Irish
No full textWhile Old Irish (c. 600–900 A.D.) is extensively documented, it remains digitally under-
resourced, lacking the range of digital resources available for other older Indo-European
languages (e.g., Latin, see Pellegrini and Passarotti, 2018). We report on the development
of a fully inflected lexicon of Old Irish nouns, provided in both phonemic and orthographic
notation. This involved a computer-assisted, systematic, and reproducible grapheme-to-
phoneme conversion pipeline and generating morphological forms through a finite-state
transducer. The inflected lexicon we develop will better enable computational studies in
Old Irish morphology, further research into diachronic developments, and have a wide
range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications.
We began by extracting noun lemmata from the Old Irish Würzburg glosses (Kavanagh,
2001) and the Corpus PalaeoHibernicum (CorPH) ‘Old Irish Corpus’ (Stifter et al., 2021). We
then devised a set of rules for orthography-to-phonology conversion, subsequently
implemented using the Python package Epitran (Mortensen, Dalmia, and Littell, 2018). The
resulting transcriptions act as the data input for a finite-state transducer (FST) adapted
from Fransen (2019), allowing us to generate inflected forms of Old Irish nouns. Finally,
we derived orthographic forms (and their variants) by applying conversion rules to the
generated forms.
Old Irish presents considerable challenges for the development of a resource of this
nature, given its opaque and inconsistent orthography, complex phonology, elaborate
system of morphophonological alternations, and intricate patterns of morphological
inflection (Anderson, 2016; Stifter, 2009; Thurneysen, 1946; Pedersen, 1909–1913). We
report on how we dealt with these problems in the development of the inflectional
lexicon. While this study focused on the Old Irish nouns in the Würzburg glosses, we
intend to extend the lexicon by applying this pipeline to further corpora and other parts-
of-speech. This inflected lexicon makes possible systematic studies in data-driven
morphology and typology (Pellegrini, 2020; Beniamine, Bonami, and Luís, 2021;
Beniamine, 2021), and facilitates future research into diachronic and diatopic variation in
Irish and the development of further NLP applications for the language.
References
Anderson, Cormac (2016). “Consonant colour and vocalism in the history of Irish”. PhD
thesis. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. URL:
https://hdl.handle.net/10593/14780.
Beniamine, Sacha (2021). “One lexeme, many classes: inflection class systems as lattices”.
In: One-to-Many Relations. Ed. by Berthold Crysmann and Manfred Sailer. Berlin:
Language Science Press.
Beniamine, Sacha, Olivier Bonami, and Ana R. Luís (2021). “The fine implicative structure
of European Portuguese conjugation”. In: Isogloss 7.9, pp. 1–35. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.109.
Fransen, Theodorus (2019). “Past, present and future: Computational approaches to
mapping historical Irish cognate verb forms”. PhD thesis. Trinity College Dublin,
The University of Dublin. URL: https://github.com/ThFransen84/OIfst.
Kavanagh, Séamus (2001). A Lexicon of the Old Irish Glosses in the Würzburg Manuscript of
the Epistles of St. Paul. Ed. by Dagmar S. Wodtko. Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen
Kommission 45. + 1 CD-ROM. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften. DOI: 10.1553/0x0001fb6e.
Mortensen, David R., Siddharth Dalmia, and Patrick Littell (May 2018). “Epitran: Precision
G2P for Many Languages”. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference
on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018). Ed. by Nicoletta Calzolari
(Conference chair) et al. Miyazaki, Japan: European Language Resources
Association (ELRA).
Pedersen, Holger (1909–1913). Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen. 2 Vols.
Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Pellegrini, Matteo (2020). “Using LatInfLexi for an Entropy-Based Assessment of
Predictability in Latin Inflection”. English. In: Proceedings of LT4HALA 2020 - 1st
Workshop on Language Technologies for Historical and Ancient Languages. Marseille,
France: European Language Resources Association (ELRA), pp. 37–46. URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2020.lt4hala-1.6.
Pellegrini, Matteo and Marco Passarotti (2018). “LatInfLexi: an Inflected Lexicon of Latin
Verbs”. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics
(CLiC-it 2018) (Turin, Italy, Dec. 10, 2018). Ed. by Elena Cabrio, Alessandro Mazzei,
and Fabio Tamburini. Vol. 2253. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. Aachen. URL:
http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2253/paper23.pdf.
Stifter, David (2009). “Early Irish”. In: The Celtic Languages. Ed. by Martin Ball and Nicole
Müller. Hoboken: Routledge.
Stifter, David et al. (2021). Corpus PalaeoHibernicum (CorPH) v1.0. URL:
http://chronhib.maynoothuniversity.ie.
Thurneysen, Rudolf (1946). A Grammar of Old Irish. Trans. by Daniel A. Binchy and Osborn
Bergin. Revised and enlarged edition. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced
Studies. Repr. 1993, with supplement
Figure A1 from: de Gier W, Fransen CHJM (2018) Odontonia plurellicola sp. n. and Odontonia bagginsi sp. n., two new ascidian-associated shrimp from Ternate and Tidore, Indonesia, with a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae). ZooKeys 765: 123-160. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.765.25277
No full textFigure A1 Variety in rostrum morphology and anterolateral angle variety in three Odontonia species. Note that A and B have a terminal tooth on the rostrum, while C has no teeth. A O. katoi (Kubo, 1940) B O. rufopunctata Fransen, 2002 C O. simplicipes (Bruce, 1996)
Towards a computational lexical resource for the diachronic study of Irish verbs
No full textIn this paper, we propose a computational framework for a lexical resource that will better facilitate
diachronic study of Irish verbs. The verbal system is subject to major morphological changes between
Early Irish (c. 7th-12th centuries A.D.) and Modern Irish varieties (post-12th centuries) (McCone
1997). Moreover, whereas the literary output in the Old Irish period (c. 8th-9th centuries A.D.) points
to a standardised language (Stifter 2009), all post-Old Irish historical varieties, except for bardic
poetry (Early Modern Irish period, c. 13th-17th centuries A.D.), show a substantial degree of
grammatical, orthographical and – particularly evident in the case of Early Modern Irish prose (Ó
hUiginn 2013) – stylistic variation (cf. contributions in McCone 1994). The available digital support
is insufficient to systematically trace the linguistic change and variation.
The research described here aims to mitigate the lack of digital support by creating and
linking verb forms in morphologically annotated corpora by using a morphological analyser for
contemporary, standardised Irish – already in the process of being adapted for successively earlier
Modern Irish texts (UíDhonnchadha et al. 2014) – and by developing new tagging tools for Old Irish,
to project forward to later forms.
This paper will focus on the creation of a morphological analyser for Old Irish using finite-
state morphology (Beesley and Karttunen 2003). Recognition rates for an Early Irish sample text and
associated findings and challenges will be reported on. The paper concludes with an outlook on the
implementation stage of the lexical resource, its benefits and potential further research. We will (a)
discuss challenges in morphologically tagging and accurately linking verbal cognates across historical
corpora, (b) explore the ways in which this resource can serve and advance (digital) scholarship in
historical Irish philology and linguistics, and (c) address more general questions relating to the
balance between computational methods and manual work in successfully linking cognate verb forms
Odontonia maldivensis Fransen 2006, n. sp.
No full text<i>Odontonia maldivensis</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 2-5)</p> <p> TYPE MATERIAL. — <b>Maldives.</b> S Malé Atoll, ocean side North reef, 04°07.54’N, 73°30.55’E, 10 m, in <i>Polycarpa cryptocarpa</i> (Sluiter, 1885) (MHNH S1 POL. B 390, see Monniot & Monniot 2001: 324), 24.IX.1997, coll. CRRF, 1 ovigerous ♀ holotype pocl. 2.5 mm; 1 ♂ allotype pocl. 2.2 mm (MNHN-Na 15236).</p> <p> In <i>Polycarpa</i> sp., III.2001, coll. C. Monniot, 1 ♂ paratype pocl. 1.6 mm; 1 ovigerous ♀ paratype pocl. 2.9 mm (RMNH D 51001).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named “maldivensis”, after the locality where it was first recorded.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Indo-West Pacific: Maldives.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>Body subcylindrical, somewhat depressed. Carapace smooth. Rostrum well developed, without dorsal teeth, overreaching antennular peduncle, reaching level of distal margin of scaphocerite, with broad, indistinct, shallow dorsal elevation over entire length and acute lateral carinae, with slightly straight to lightly convex ventral carina in distal part; distal end acute in lateral view, without subdistal ventral tooth, with few distal setae, blunt in dorsal view, broadened at base. Inferior orbital angle produced, directed inward. Antennal spine blunt, protruding rounded process, not separated by notch from inferior orbital angle. Anterolateral margin slightly produced, anterolateral angle not produced.</p> <p>Abdomen smooth; sixth segment about 1.1 times longer than fifth, 1.6 times broader than long, posteroventral angle acute, posterolateral angle feebly produced, blunt; pleura of first five segments broadly rounded.</p>Published as part of <i>Fransen, Charles H. J. M., 2006, On Pontoniinae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) collected from ascidians, pp. 713-746 in Zoosystema 28 (3)</i> on page 718, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5392396">10.5281/zenodo.5392396</a>
Developing an inflectional lexicon for Old Irish
No full textThis paper describes an inflectional lexicon of Old Irish nouns, and the tools developed for its cre-
ation. While Old Irish (c. 600–900 A.D.) is extensively documented, it remains digitally under-resourced.
We develop a morphological description in the form of a fully inflected lexicon of Old Irish nouns, pro-
vided in both phonemic and orthographic notation. This entailed devising a computer-assisted, systematic,
and reproducible grapheme-to-phoneme conversion pipeline and generating morphological forms through
a finite-state transducer. We report on the considerable challenges posed by Old Irish in terms of its mor-
phophonological complexities and its intransparent and inconsistent orthography. The inflected lexicon we
develop will better enable computational studies in Old Irish morphology, further research into diachronic
developments, and have a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications.
Despite the fact that “Old Irish is the earliest period of Irish –– or of any Celtic language –– for which
the extant record is sufficiently full and varied to permit a full synchronic description” (Stifter, 2009, p.
59), the language still lacks the range of digital resources available for other Indo-European languages (e.g.,
Latin, see Pellegrini and Passarotti, 2018). While there are a number of independent projects focusing on
Old Irish lexicography (Griffith, Stifter, and Toner, 2018), the most comprehensive resource, both in terms
of contemporary source material included and the level of grammatical annotation, is Corpus PalaeoHiber-
nicum (CorPH) ‘Old Irish Corpus’ (Stifter et al., 2021). However, in spite of the richness of the linguistic
annotation in CorPH, it cannot be used as the basis for a morphological generator without considerable pre-
processing, due to its inconsistent orthography for lemmata and the way it segments complex morphological
structures.
Old Irish presents many challenges for the development of computational resources. The language has a
complex phonology, an elaborate system of morphophonological alternations, and intricate patterns of mor-
phological inflection (Anderson, 2016; Stifter, 2009; Thurneysen, 1946; Pedersen, 1909–1913). Further
to this, the orthography is neither transparent nor consistent, and considerable differences in orthographic
practice exist (Ó Cróinín, 2001). This complicates the development of a tool for automatic orthography-to-
phonology conversion, as many orthographic sequences can have multiple readings; for instance, combina-
tions of sonorant and stop are ambiguous, in that can represent /rg/ or /rk/ and /rg/ or /rɣ/, which
we resolve by a) a normalised orthography, and b) some manual pre-processing.
We developed a pipeline for the creation of an inflectional lexicon. We began by extracting noun lemmata
from the Old Irish Würzburg glosses (Kavanagh, 2001) and then devised a set of rules for orthography-to-
phonology conversion, subsequently implemented using the Python package Epitran (Mortensen, Dalmia,
and Littell, 2018). The resulting transcriptions act as the data input for a finite-state transducer (FST) adapted
from Fransen (2019), allowing us to generate inflected forms of Old Irish nouns. Finally, we derived ortho-
graphic forms (and their variants) by applying conversion rules in the opposite direction. While this study
focused on the Old Irish nouns in the Würzburg glosses, we intend to extend the lexicon by applying this
pipeline to further corpora and other parts-of-speech.
This inflected lexicon makes possible systematic studies in data-driven morphology and typology (Pel-
legrini, 2020; Beniamine, Bonami, and Luís, 2021; Beniamine, 2021). It will also facilitate future research
into diachronic and diatopic variation in Irish and the development of further NLP applications for the lan-
guage. Moreover, the FST created to generate inflected forms provides a concise and thorough grammatical
description of the Old Irish noun, and the automatic phonemic transcription rules can easily be re-used.
References
Anderson, Cormac (2016). “Consonant colour and vocalism in the history of Irish”. PhD thesis.
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/10593/14780.
Beniamine, Sacha (2021). “One lexeme, many classes: inflection class systems as lattices”. In:
One-to-Many Relations. Ed. by Berthold Crysmann and Manfred Sailer. Berlin: Language Science
Press.
Beniamine, Sacha, Olivier Bonami, and Ana R. Luís (2021). “The fine implicative structure of European
Portuguese conjugation”. In: Isogloss 7.9, pp. 1–35. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.109.
Fransen, Theodorus (2019). “Past, present and future: Computational approaches to mapping historical
Irish cognate verb forms”. PhD thesis. Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin. URL:
https://github.com/ThFransen84/OIfst.
Griffith, Aaron, David Stifter, and Gregory Toner (2018). “Early Irish Lexicography – A Research
Survey”. In: Kratylos 63.1, pp. 1–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29091/kratylos/2018/1/1.
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