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Experimental and Theoretical Studies in Modern Mechanochemistry
No full textMechanochemistry is the branch of Chemistry focusing on the chemical
reactivity of solid substances submitted to the application of mechanical
forces under either elastic or plastic deformation conditions. A measure of
its ancestral roots is given by the many citations to mechanochemical
procedures in documents dating back to the Classical Roman Age. Quite
noticeably, even then such learning was referred to as remarkably ancient.
Other important tracks occasionally emerged during the Middle Age, when
the so-called via caloris of Alchemists dreaming the transmutation of matter
overwhelmed the slow comminution of powders in cold stone mortars. Yet,
Mechanochemistry only apparently was sunk in oblivion. The ancient
learning survived through the centuries, and was brought back to life by the
insatiable curiosity of little and great scientists.
After decades of continuous efforts, we are now aware that some of the
most important properties of materials in high-technology applications are
strongly influenced, or even controlled, by mechanochemical phenomena.
The interplay between mechanical stress and chemical reactivity lies for
example at the basis of the corrosion behavior as well as in metallic glasses
and ceramics where local atomic strain plays a critical role in structural
failure. At last, the entire field of Materials Science no longer ignores the
fascinating properties of mechanochemical reactions.
In contrast to their scientific and technological importance, our basic
understanding of even the simplest mechanochemical processes is at best
rudimentary. A deeper understanding and control of elementary processes in
Mechanochemistry is therefore needed. To call attention on the considerable
opportunities existing in this area of fundamental and applied research on
materials, we highlight in this book a number of past achievements and
promising recent developments in the field.
It is today widely accepted that only a highly interdisciplinary approach
holds the greatest promise to provide novel insight into the fundamental
features of physical, chemical and mechanical processes in the various
fields of Materials Science. The same is true for Mechanochemistry. As a
whole, the “mechanochemical” community is as diverse as virtually any
other in materials research, involving disciplines as disparate as
fundamental Physics and Chemistry on the one hand, and Engineering,
Physical Metallurgy and Physical Ceramics on the other. Yet, it is rare that
this diverse pool of expertise is ever brought together in a focused attack on
mechanochemical phenomena and properties. It is our hope that this volume
could give the reader a sense of the rich and fertile common ground which
already exists between the different disciplines, giving thus a contribution to
bring these very different communities closer together.
A central theme in much of the ongoing work on Mechanochemistry
concerns the interrelation between the chemical properties and the
underlying structure of materials. While for a number of scientific research
subjects many suitable experimental techniques for the characterization and
investigation of properties and processes have become available in recent
years, Mechanochemistry still poses a major challenge. This is mostly due
to the fact that in a general mechanochemical process only a small fraction
of atoms is directly affected. It is precisely this inhomogeneity that
undermines any effort to characterize in more detail the mechanochemical
process.
In organizing this book we soon realized that any attempt to cover a
wide field of research such as Mechanochemistry would necessarily
represent a highly selective endeavor. There are many ways of classifying
the contributions offered by the different authors that can be in principle
chosen. For example by distinguishing theoretical from experimental
studies, microscopic from macroscopic investigations, or fundamental from
applied research. The latter distinction appears to be particularly meaningful
for two reasons. First, because the methodologies required for the
investigations are fundamentally different. Second, because of the necessarily
different aims of the works. Nevertheless, a clean-cut separation between
fundamental and applied contributions is often difficult to find, thus the
chosen classification of contributions may not be the most satisfactory one.
Following the aforementioned distinction between fundamental and
applied research, the first part of the book is devoted to contributions
dealing with the fundamental features of Mechanochemistry, including
thermodynamic as well as kinetic and atomistic studies. By contrast with the
emphasis on fundamentals, the second part is instead dedicated to a variety
of applications of mechanochemical methods devoted to the preparation of
inorganic and organic materials and to the processing of minerals and
wastes. The two parts of the book are opened by two introductory chapters.
The former focuses on materials properties and chemical reactions under
well-controlled and well-defined loading conditions, so introducing most of
the fundamental concepts. The latter offers instead an overview of the
reactivity enhancement promoted by the mechanical treatment in various
apparatuses.
We have greatly benefited from discussions with our colleagues at the
University of Sassari and have received many useful suggestions from them
as well as from all the contributors to this book. We would like to
acknowledge the long-standing support we have received from all of our
collaborators and students participating in formation programs. A special
thank goes to Dr. Giuseppe Manai, for his continuous assistance and
suggestions. We are indebted to Dr. Pietro De Martini, Banco di Sardegna,
for his fundamental guide for fund raising. We are grateful to Prof. S.
Rubino for his kind support and to Dr. Giovanna Tuveri, who followed our
case at the Fondazione Banco di Sardegna.
This work has been made possible by the funds kindly placed at our
disposal by the Fondazione Banco di Sardegna. We wish to express here all
of our deep gratitude to the Board of Directors. The University of Cagliari
and the University of Sassari are as well acknowledged for the opportunity
we had to use laboratories and facilities necessary to our study
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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