1,720,988 research outputs found
Envy in Mission-Oriented Organizations
Full text linkWe study how envy affects screening contracts offered to employees who care about the mission of the organisation and differ in ability, which is their private information. We show that organisation's mission plays a critical role. In sectors where mission is important, despite receiving higher wages than their less talented colleagues, high-ability workers perceive their contract as unfair because they are required to perform much more demanding tasks. In contrast, in sectors where mission is not particularly relevant, the less talented employees are envious towards their high-ability colleagues. Our model provides novel implications for organisations' compensation schemes and new insights on the possible effects of minimum wage policies. We test our theoretical predictions by using the German Socio-Economic Panel data and a novel survey addressed to academics in Spain
Screening Workers for Ability and Motivation
Full text linkWe study the screening problem of a firm that hires workers without knowing their ability or their intrinsic motivation. We completely characterise the set of optimal contracts (consisting of observable effort levels and non-linear salaries) that depend on how workers’ heterogeneity in ability relates to the heterogeneity in motivation. Accordingly, optimal contracts differ as to whether ability or motivation prevails in determining workers’ performance. We show that full separation and full participation of workers’ types is always implemented, when feasible, because it is preferred by the firm to either pooling or excluding some workers. Moreover, when ability prevails, there exist full screening contracts such that motivated workers are asked to provide the efficient level of effort, and such that the firm pays low information rents to its workers. Despite this fact, the firm makes higher profits when motivation rather than ability prevails because of labour donations from motivated worker
Productivity Crowding-out in Labor Markets with Motivated Workers
Full text linkWhen workers' intrinsic motivation matters, a wage increase has mixed consequences on applicants' productivity and motivation, as shown in public service, healthcare, education and politics. In a simple theoretical framework where ability and motivation are workers' private information, we rationalize these differentiated responses and identify intuitive conditions for higher wages inducing self-selection of more (or less) productive and motivated workers. The selection patterns depend both on the statistical association between workers' characteristics and on the difference between the incentivised returns to ability across sectors. We emphasize a crowding-out effect of wage on workers' productivity that has not been analyzed in the theoretical literature before
Italian Families in the 21st Century: Gender Gaps in Time Use and their Evolution
Full text linkWe provide novel estimates of gender differences in the allocation of time by Italian adults and document their trends over the span 2002-2014, pooling three time-use surveys run by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). The positive gap (females-males) in time devoted to Household work and the negative gap in Market work and Leisure are found to have narrowed over the observed period, mainly due to changes in women’s time allocation, while the positive gap in time devoted to Child care remained substantially constant. In 2014, the sharing of family duties appears still heavily unbalanced even when we look at the subsample of full-time working parents. Full-time working mothers devote to Market work about 4 hours per week less than their partners, but they devote 14 hours per week more to Household work and 3 hours and a half more to Basic child care. This translates in 13 hours per week more total (paid and unpaid) work and 11 hours per week less Leisure. On the positive side, the gender gap in time devoted to Quality child care exhibits a reversed sign in 2014. The change is driven by weekend days, when partners of full-time working mothers become the main provider of this type of care
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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