1,721,200 research outputs found
Wholly owned subsidiary versus technology licensing in the worldwide chemical industry
No full textThis paper empirically analyzes the determinants of the choice between wholly owned subsidiary and technology licensing as a strategy for expansion abroad. We use a new and comprehensive database on worldwide plant level investments in the chemical industry during the 1981–1991 period. We find that both cultural distance and the presence of other potential licensors favor the use of licensing as a strategy for expanding abroad, whereas, prior experience favors the choice of wholly owned subsidiary. An implication of this study is that competition in the market for technology can foster the international diffusion of technology through the use of arm's length agreements. © 2000, Academy of International Business. All rights reserved
Patent protection, imitation and the mode of technology transfer
Full text linkThis paper analyzes a model in which a fir endowed with a new technology can choose
between exports, licensing and direct investment as entry modes in a foreign market. I endogenize the vintage of the transferred technology and allow for imitation by the licensee.
Subsidiary production and exports circumvent imitation but involve higher costs for the
innovating firm The fir can strategically use the vintage of the technology to deter
imitation by the licensee. As a result, transfers to affiliate might be of later vintage than technologies sold to outsiders. Through modificatio of the imitation costs, the host country’s system of patent protection influence the mode of technology transfers which in turn affects the welfare of the recipient economy.Publicad
Specialized technology suppliers, international spillovers and investment: evidence from the chemical industry
Full text linkIn this paper we study how the development of specialized upstream technology suppliers in leading countries improves technology access and lowers investment costs for downstream firms in follower countries. We test this idea using a novel database covering all investments in chemical plants in less developed countries ŽLDCs. during the 1980s. We find that investments in
chemical plants in the LDCs are greater, the greater is the number of technology suppliers that operate in the first world. A major contribution of this paper is to identify an important but understudied mechanism through which technology is made available.Thank the italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research ŽMURST., and CNR ŽCommittees 10 and 11. for financial support. Financial support from the European Union, DG XII, TSER Project N.SOE1-CT97-1059.Publicad
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Foreign Direct Investments and Spillovers through Workers' Mobility
Full text linkWe analyze a model where a multinational fir can use a superior technology in a
foreign subsidiary only after training a local worker. Technological spillovers from foreign
direct investment arise when this worker is later hired by a local firm Pecuniary spillovers
arise when the foreign affiliat pays the trained worker a higher wage to prevent her from
moving to a local competitor. We study conditions under which these spillovers occur. We
also show that the multinational fir might fin it optimal to export instead of investing
abroad to avoid dissipation of its intangible assets or the payment of a higher wage to the
trained worker.Partial financia support from the Spanish Ministry
of Education through DGYCIT grant PB94-0663 (Motta) is also gratefully
acknowledgedPublicad
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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