155 research outputs found
On poems like abanicos. Spanish traces in the poetry of Alfred Marek Wierzbicki
No full textPoetry by Alfred Marek Wierzbicki emphasises conspicuous travel routes, so poems inspired by particular places are easily extractable. By analysing poetic images showing Spain and Latin American countries, the author discusses the nomadic nature of the works presented and reconstructs the poetic creed of the author of 'Stąd i stamtąd' [From here and there]. Tracing the intertextual relationships inscribed in the works, the researcher explains the symbolic code hidden in the landscapes and spaces of cities. As the author of the fictional figure called “Pan Credo” [Mr Credo], Wierzbicki is a poet focused on the axiological issues connected with the significance of human existence and the sense of one’s own permanence
The place of Andrzej Wierzbicki (1942–2022) in the history of Polish historiography
No full textPodejmując próbę określenia miejsca i roli zmarłego w 2022 r. profesora Instytutu Historii PAN Andrzeja Wierzbickiego w polskiej historii historiografii ostatniego czterdziestolecia, autor poddał analizie dorobek twórczy tego badacza, a także jego osiągnięcia organizacyjno-naukowe. Na plan pierwszy zostały wysunięte studia problemowe Andrzeja Wierzbickiego poświęcone dziejom polskiej myśli historycznej XIX i XX w., jego synteza Historiografia polska doby romantyzmu (1999), a także założona przez niego (w 2004) seria wydawnicza Klio Polska, przekształcona następnie (w 2015) w regularnie ukazujący się rocznik „Klio Polska. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Historiografii Polskiej”, redagowany przez niego do końca życia.Attempting to define the place and role of Andrzej Wierzbicki, professor of the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, who passed away in 2022, in the Polish history of historiography of the last forty years, the author has analysed the creative output of Wierzbicki, as well as his organisational and scientific achievements. In the foreground are Wierzbicki’s problem studies devoted to the history of Polish historical thought of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with his synthesis Historiografia polska doby romantyzmu (1999). Equally important is the publishing series ‘Klio polska’, founded by him in 2004, transformed in 2015 into a regular annual Klio Polska. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Historiografii Polskiej, edited by Andrzej Wierzbicki until the end of his life
Evolution der Zusammensetzung kleiner RNA in Drosophila
No full textKleine Ribonukleinsäuren (sRNAs) weisen regulatorische Eigenschaften in Zellen vieler
Organismen auf. Gut bekannte Beispiele sind clustered regularly interspaced short
palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) in Bakterien, microRNAs (miRNAs) und small
interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in verschiedenen Eukaryoten und P-element-induced wimpy
testis (PIWI)- interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in vielen Tierarten. Diese sRNAs regulieren
zelluläre Prozesse und tragen zum intrazellulären Immunsystem gegen Viren und
transponible Elemente (TE) bei.
Diese Arbeit hat das Ziel die Evolution der sRNAs in der TE-Verteidigung zu
beleuchten. Zu diesem Zweck wurden sRNA-Bibliotheken (18-30 Nukleotide lang) aus
drei verschiedenen Geweben (Embryos, Ovarien, Karkasse) von sieben Drosophila
Spezies ( D. melanogaster , D. simulans , D. mauritiana , D. yakuba , D. erecta , D.
ananassae and D. pseudoobscura ) mithilfe der HiSeq 2500 Illumina Plattform
sequenziert. Zur Analyse wurden die gelesenen Fragmente den Transkript
Annotationen dieser Spezies zugeordnet.
Tatsächlich konnte eine erhebliche Anzahl der gelesenen Fragmente den TE
Sequenzen zugeordnet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass die Verteidigung
gegen TEs konserviert ist. Jedoch konnten Signale detektiert werden, die auf einen
Wechsel der Strategie des TE, ZAM , deuten. Diese Erkenntnis legt nahe, dass
Veränderungen der evolutionären Pfade stattfinden können und hinterfragt das
derzeitige Wissen über prototypische Elemente in Drosophila , welches hauptsächlich
aus Studien in D. melanogaster stammt.Small ribonucleic acids (sRNAs) display regulatory properties in cells of many
organisms. Well known examples are clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome
repeats (CRISPRs) in bacteria, microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs
(siRNAs) in different eukaryotes and P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-
interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in many animals. These small RNAs are involved in the
regulation of cellular processes but also contribute to an intracellular immune system
against viruses and transposable elements (TEs).
This work aims to shed light on the evolution of sRNAs employed in the control of TEs.
For this purpose, sRNA libraries (18-30 nucleotides) of three different tissues (embryo,
ovary, carcass) from seven Drosophila species ( D. melanogaster , D. simulans , D.
mauritiana , D. yakuba , D. erecta , D. ananassae and D. pseudoobscura ) were
sequenced on the HiSeq 2500 Illumina platform. For the analysis, the obtained reads
were mapped to transcript annotations of these species.
Indeed, substantial fractions of reads could be assigned to the class of TE transcripts.
The results point out that the TE defense is mostly conserved. However, the example
of the TE ZAM shows signals that indicate a switch in its invasive strategy. This finding
suggests changes in evolutionary paths of TEs and challenges the current knowledge
about prototypic TEs in Drosophila , which stems mainly from studies in D.
melanogaster.Vorgelegt von: Filip WierzbickiMolecular BiotechnologyWien, FH Campus Wien, Masterarb., 201
Carbon nanoparticles downregulate expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the heart during embryogenesis
No full textMateusz Wierzbicki,1 Ewa Sawosz,1 Marta Grodzik,1 Anna Hotowy,1 Marta Prasek,1 Slawomir Jaworski,1 Filip Sawosz,2 André Chwalibog2 1Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; 2Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract: Carbon nanoparticles, with their high biocompatibility and low toxicity, have recently been considered for biomedical applications, including antiangiogenic therapy. Critical to normal development and tumor formation, angiogenesis is the process of forming capillary blood vessels from preexisting vessels. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of diamond and graphite nanoparticles on the development of chicken embryos, as well as vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane and heart at the morphological and molecular level. Nanoparticles did not affect either body/heart weight or serum indices of the embryos’ health. However, vascularization of the heart and the density of branched vessels were significantly reduced after treatment with diamond nanoparticles and, to a lesser extent, graphite nanoparticles. Application of nanoparticles significantly downregulated gene and protein expression of the proangiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor, indicating that both diamond and graphite nanoparticles inhibit angiogenesis. Keywords: diamond, graphite, nanoparticles, vasculogenesis, bFGF, VEG
Transposable elements and piRNA clusters in Drosophila
No full textPhD thesis - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna - 2023
The full text is only available to university members. Please log in!Transposable elements (TEs) can make up large proportions of genomes. Nevertheless, a new invasion of such a selfish genetic element is considered a major threat for host organisms. TE invasions and interactions of TEs with the host during this process are poorly characterized. The discovery of the PIWI-Interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway and its importance for TE regulation shed light on the mechanism how host organisms actively defend themselves against these genomic parasites. However, the establishment of the piRNA response to a newly invading TE remains an open question. Based on empirical evidence, it was suggested that TE insertions into piRNA clusters (i.e. major source loci of piRNAs) trigger the production of complementary piRNAs, which is know as the trap model. Despite the importance of those regions, variation in piRNA clusters is sparsely described. Furthermore, it is unclear if the trap model can be applied generally to the silencing by piRNAs. To enhance our understanding of TE invasions, we conducted several studies addressing the variety of questions outlined above. In the first chapter of this thesis, we described a natural invasion of Tirant in Drosophila melanogaster. By comparing the TE content of flies collected at different time points in the past, we found that Tirant probably invaded around 1938. We showed that degraded Tirant piRNAs remaining from a previous Tirant invasion possibly did not protect the flies from the new invasion. Furthermore, we observed that Tasmanian populations display distinct Tirant variants likely resembling a founder effect. These results have important implications for understanding the coevolution between TEs and hosts. In the second chapter, we worked on the quality of TE content in genome assemblies with a special focus on piRNA clusters. The assembly quality is a limiting factor for genomic analysis, such as studies of piRNA cluster variation. We introduced novel metrics that assess the quality of assembled TEs and piRNA clusters. Along standard assembly metrics, we used our novel metrics to identify the assembly approach that yielded the best representation of TEs and piRNA clusters. This study, provides tools and strategies that help to address open questions in TE biology. In the third chapter, we build a framework to investigate the evolution of piRNA clusters and analyzed the variation found within and between species. We used previously introduced quality metrics to recover high quality piRNA cluster sequences and implement a novel approach, called Manna, to compare those sequences. Instead of aligning nucleotide sequences, Manna aligns sequences of TE annotations to quantify the variation in piRNA clusters. We found that piRNA clusters rapidly evolve by large insertions of younger TEs and small deletions of older elements. This finding has important implications for understanding the evolution of host defense against selfish genomic invaders. In the last chapter, we attempted to test the trap model for TE silencing by piRNA clusters. Based on computer simulations of TE invasions under the trap model, we found that TE traps should markedly differ from other regions of the genome. If piRNA clusters are traps, we expect a narrow distribution of the number TE insertions in clusters and no positive correlation between TE abundances inside and outside of clusters. Using three complementary approaches to estimate TE counts in piRNA clusters and the rest of the genome, we tested these predictions in D. melanogaster. We found that the TE composition in piRNA clusters deviates from expectations of TE traps and rather matches predictions of non-trapping regions. These results suggest that piRNA clusters may not always trap TEs. Furthermore, we showed that piRNA source loci outside of piRNA clusters may compensate for missing piRNA cluster insertions. In conclusion, this study provides insights into TE silencing by piRNAs in a population genetics framework and calls for detailed functional characterization of piRNA clusters. To summarize the projects of this thesis, this work contributes novel methodologies and biological insights to the field of TE invasions and TE regulation by piRNAs. It will be interesting to follow the rapidly moving field and see what future research reveals about the coevolution between TEs and hosts.PhD thesis - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna - 2023
The full text is only available to university members. Please log in!Transposable elements (TEs) can make up large proportions of genomes. Nevertheless, a new invasion of such a selfish genetic element is considered a major threat for host organisms. TE invasions and interactions of TEs with the host during this process are poorly characterized. The discovery of the PIWI-Interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway and its importance for TE regulation shed light on the mechanism how host organisms actively defend themselves against these genomic parasites. However, the establishment of the piRNA response to a newly invading TE remains an open question. Based on empirical evidence, it was suggested that TE insertions into piRNA clusters (i.e. major source loci of piRNAs) trigger the production of complementary piRNAs, which is know as the trap model. Despite the importance of those regions, variation in piRNA clusters is sparsely described. Furthermore, it is unclear if the trap model can be applied generally to the silencing by piRNAs. To enhance our understanding of TE invasions, we conducted several studies addressing the variety of questions outlined above. In the first chapter of this thesis, we described a natural invasion of Tirant in Drosophila melanogaster. By comparing the TE content of flies collected at different time points in the past, we found that Tirant probably invaded around 1938. We showed that degraded Tirant piRNAs remaining from a previous Tirant invasion possibly did not protect the flies from the new invasion. Furthermore, we observed that Tasmanian populations display distinct Tirant variants likely resembling a founder effect. These results have important implications for understanding the coevolution between TEs and hosts. In the second chapter, we worked on the quality of TE content in genome assemblies with a special focus on piRNA clusters. The assembly quality is a limiting factor for genomic analysis, such as studies of piRNA cluster variation. We introduced novel metrics that assess the quality of assembled TEs and piRNA clusters. Along standard assembly metrics, we used our novel metrics to identify the assembly approach that yielded the best representation of TEs and piRNA clusters. This study, provides tools and strategies that help to address open questions in TE biology. In the third chapter, we build a framework to investigate the evolution of piRNA clusters and analyzed the variation found within and between species. We used previously introduced quality metrics to recover high quality piRNA cluster sequences and implement a novel approach, called Manna, to compare those sequences. Instead of aligning nucleotide sequences, Manna aligns sequences of TE annotations to quantify the variation in piRNA clusters. We found that piRNA clusters rapidly evolve by large insertions of younger TEs and small deletions of older elements. This finding has important implications for understanding the evolution of host defense against selfish genomic invaders. In the last chapter, we attempted to test the trap model for TE silencing by piRNA clusters. Based on computer simulations of TE invasions under the trap model, we found that TE traps should markedly differ from other regions of the genome. If piRNA clusters are traps, we expect a narrow distribution of the number TE insertions in clusters and no positive correlation between TE abundances inside and outside of clusters. Using three complementary approaches to estimate TE counts in piRNA clusters and the rest of the genome, we tested these predictions in D. melanogaster. We found that the TE composition in piRNA clusters deviates from expectations of TE traps and rather matches predictions of non-trapping regions. These results suggest that piRNA clusters may not always trap TEs. Furthermore, we showed that piRNA source loci outside of piRNA clusters may compensate for missing piRNA cluster insertions. In conclusion, this study provides insights into TE silencing by piRNAs in a population genetics framework and calls for detailed functional characterization of piRNA clusters. To summarize the projects of this thesis, this work contributes novel methodologies and biological insights to the field of TE invasions and TE regulation by piRNAs. It will be interesting to follow the rapidly moving field and see what future research reveals about the coevolution between TEs and hosts.PhD Arbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2023
Aus rechtlichen Gründen sind nicht alle Teile dieser Arbeit frei zugänglich. Der Zugriff auf den elektronischen Volltext ist auf Angehörige der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien beschränkt. Bitte einloggen!Transponierbare Elemente (TEs) können einen großen Teil des Genomes ausmachen. Trotzdem wird eine neue Invasion solch eines eigennützigen genetischen Elements als eine wesentliche Bedrohung für den Wirtsorganismus angesehen. TE Invasionen und die Interaktionen der TEs mit dem Wirt während dieses Prozesses sind wenig charakterisiert. Die Entdeckung des PIWI Interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways und dessen Wichtigkeit für die TE Regulierung beleuchtete den Mechanismus, wie sich Wirtsorganismen aktiv vor diesen genomischen Parasiten verteidigen. Jedoch bleibt die Entstehung der piRNA Antwort gegen ein neu eindringendes TE eine offene Frage. Basierend auf empirischer Evidenz wurde vorgeschlagen, dass eine TE insertion in ein piRNA-Cluster (d.h. wesentliche Quellorte der piRNAs) die Produktion komplementärer piRNAs auslöst, bekannt als Fallenmodell (Engl. trap model). Trotz der Wichtigkeit dieser Regionen ist die Variationen in piRNA-Cluster spärlich beschrieben. Weiters ist unklar, ob das Fallenmodell auf die Stilllegung der TEs generell angewendet werden kann. Um unser Verständnis über TE Invasionen zu verbessern, führten wir mehrere Studien, die die verschiedenen, oben beschriebenen Fragen behandeln, durch. Im ersten Kapitel dieser Arbeit beschrieben wir eine natürliche Invasion Tirants in Drosophila melanogaster. Durch Vergleichen des TE Gehalts der Fliegen, die in der Vergangenheit zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten gesammelt wurden, fanden wir, dass Tirant wahrscheinlich um 1938 herum eindrang. Wie zeigten, dass degradierte Tirant piRNAs aus einer früheren Tirant Invasion womöglich die Fliegen vor der neuen Invasion nicht schützten. Weiters beobachteten wir, dass tasmanische Populationen eigene Tirant Varianten aufweisen, was wahrscheinlich einen Gründereffekt darstellt. Diese Ergebnisse enthalten wichtige Implikationen für das Verstehen der Coevolution zwischen TEs und Wirte. Im zweiten Kapitel arbeiteten wir an der Qualität des TE Gehalts in Genome assemblies mit speziellem Fokus auf piRNA-Cluster. Die Assemblyqualität ist ein limitierender Faktor für genomische Analysen, wie Studien zur Variation in piRNA-Cluster. Wir führten neuartige Maße zur Bewertung der Qualität der assemblierten TEs und piRNA-Cluster ein. Zusammen mit Standard-Assemblystatistiken nutzten wir unsere neuen Maße, um jene Herangehensweise zu identifizieren, die die beste Repräsentierung der TEs und piRNA-Cluster erreicht. Diese Studie bietet Mittel und Strategien, die helfen offene Fragen der TE-Biologie zu behandeln. Im dritten Kapitel erstellten wir einen Rahmen zur Untersuchung der Evolution von piRNACluster and analysierten die Variation innerhalb und zwischen Spezies. Wie nutzten die zuvor eingeführten Maße um hochqualitative piRNA-Cluster Sequenzen zu erhalten und implementierten einen neuen Ansatz namens Manna um diese Sequenzen zu vergleichen. Statt eines Alignments der Nukleotidsequenzen, vergleicht Manna die Sequenz der TE Annotationen, um die Variation der piRNA-Cluster zu quantifizieren. Wir entdeckten, dass die piRNACluster rapide durch große Insertionen jüngerer TEs und durch kurze Deletionen älterer Elemente evolvieren. Diese Entdeckung hat wichtige Implikationen für das Verstehen der Evolution der Verteidigung des Wirts gegen eigennützige, genomische Invasoren. Im letzten Kapitel versuchten wir das Fallenmodell für die Stilllegung der TEs durch piRNACluster zu erproben. Basierend auf Computersimulationen von TE-Invasionen unter dem Fallenmodell fanden wir, dass sich TE-Fallen deutlich von anderen Regionen des Genomes unterscheiden sollten. Wenn piRNA-Cluster Fallen sind, erwarten wir eine schmale Verteilung der Anzahl an TE-Insertionen in Cluster und keine positive Korrelation zwischen der TE Häufigkeit inner- und außerhalb von Cluster. Anhand drei komplentärer Ansätze zur Schätzung der TE-Anzahl in piRNA-Cluster und im Rest des Genomes testeten wir dir Vorhersagen in D. melanogaster. Wir fanden, dass die Zusammensetzung der TEs in piRNA-Cluster von den Vorhersagen über TE-Fallen abweicht und eher zu Vorhersagen über genomische Regionen, die TEs nicht einfangen, passen. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass piRNA-Cluster nicht immer TEs einfangen konnten. Weiters zeigen wir, dass piRNA-Quellorte, die außerhalb von piRNACluster liegen, fehlende Insertionen in piRNA-Cluster kompensieren konnten. Im Fazit bietet diese Studie Einblicke in die TE-Stilllegung durch piRNAs in einem populationsgenetischem Rahmen und ruft nach detaillierter, funktioneller Charakterisierung der piRNA-Cluster. Zusammenfassend tragen die Projekte dieser Arbeit neuartige Methodiken und biologische Einblicke zum Feld der TE-Invasionen und der TE-Regulation durch piRNAs bei. Es wird interessant das sich schnell bewegende Feld mitzuverfolgen, um zu sehen was zukünftige Forschung über die Coevolution zwischen TEs und Wirte aufdeckt
Requirements for Premises / Facilities
No full textDie Aufgabe eine SOP, die die Anforderungen an die Räumlichkeiten und Einrichtungen der GLP-Prüfeinrichtung, Bioscope, regelt, wurde folgendermaßen gelöst: Es wurde ein Raumplan mit notwendigen GLP- Räumlichkeiten erstellt und anschließend wurden diese Räumlichkeiten und die dazugehörigen Einrichtungen beschrieben. Dazu zählen getrennte Eingangsräumlichkeiten und Lagerräumlichkeiten für Prüfproben und Referenzsubstanzen, Lagerräumlichkeiten für alle Ausrüstungsgegenstände und Versorgungsgüter, Räumlichkeiten für die Mischung von Prüfproben mit Trägermaterial, Archivräumlichkeiten, IT-Räumlichkeiten, Räumlichkeiten für die Unterbringung von Testsystemen, Räumlichkeiten für die Abfallbeseitigung. Im Rahmen der Verantwortlichkeiten im Bezug auf Räumlichkeiten wurde die Position des Facilitymanagers beschrieben. Mithilfe des zu führenden Raumberichts kann das Facilitymanagement einen Überblick über alle zu betreuenden Räume und Einrichtungen behalten.The task to create a SOP, which regulates requirements for premises and facilities of the test facility, Bioscope, was performed in the following way: A floor plan, which contains all important GLP- premises, was created. Afterwards all premises and their facilities were described. Important premises are: Separated rooms for entrance and storage of test samples and reference items, storage room for supplies and equipment, room for mixing of the test items with a vehicle, archive rooms, IT-rooms, rooms for test systems, room for waste disposal. In the context of responsibilities of premises and facilities a position for a Facility-Manager has been established. A room report, which has to be done in every room, helps the facility-management to maintain all premises and facilities
Wizerunek samorządu terytorialnego w prasie lokalnej
No full textThe Author discusses the image of local government emerging from Polish local press, especially in those locations where several titles exist (and continue to operate). For the purpose of the paper two weeklies were selected and analyzed: „Głos Wągrowiecki” and „Tygodnik Wągrowiecki” which have the highest circulation and reach in the Wągrowiec area (powiat). The analysis is based on a sample covering all the issues between July 2002 and June 2003.The Author discusses the image of local government emerging from Polish local press, especially in those locations where several titles exist (and continue to operate). For the purpose of the paper two weeklies were selected and analyzed: „Głos Wągrowiecki” and „Tygodnik Wągrowiecki” which have the highest circulation and reach in the Wągrowiec area (powiat). The analysis is based on a sample covering all the issues between July 2002 and June 2003
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