1,720,953 research outputs found
Space law and the militarization of space: the new logic of international geopolitics
No full textA exploração espacial, inicialmente voltada para a cooperação científica e progresso tecnológico, tem se tornado um ambiente de disputas estratégicas entre as grandes potências globais. A dissertação O direito espacial e a militarização do espaço: a nova lógica da geopolítica internacional analisa como a crescente militarização do espaço cósmico influenciou a geopolítica internacional, deslocando os debates espaciais do campo da governança cooperativa para a esfera da segurança internacional. O estudo investiga o arcabouço jurídico do Direito Espacial, identificando as limitações das normas de hard law e soft law na contenção da militarização e na regulação eficaz das atividades orbitais. A pesquisa argumenta que a busca pela primazia espacial, impulsionada pela rivalidade entre grandes potências como Estados Unidos, China e Rússia, promoveu uma nova concepção geopolítica, na qual o domínio do espaço passou a ser entendido como um elemento central das estratégias de defesa nacional. A dissertação examina o impacto desse fenômeno nas relações internacionais, bem como os desafios enfrentados pelos organismos multilaterais, como o Comitê de Desarmamento e Segurança Internacional da ONU (DISEC) e o Instituto das Nações Unidas para a Investigação sobre Desarmamento (UNIDIR), na tentativa de estabelecer regulações eficazes. Além de discutir os aspectos históricos da militarização espacial, a pesquisa apresenta um panorama das atuais políticas espaciais e das estratégias militares orbitais, destacando o crescimento das forças armadas espaciais, como a United States Space Force. A análise evidencia a ineficácia dos tratados internacionais vigentes em conter a escalada da securitização do espaço e sugere a necessidade de um novo marco regulatório que harmonize os interesses das potências globais e garanta um uso pacífico e sustentável do espaço. Ao final, a dissertação conclui que a governança espacial baseada na cooperação internacional tem perdido força diante da corrida pela primazia tecnológica e militar, o que aumenta os riscos de disputas interestatais e de um possível conflito espacial. O estudo enfatiza a importância de revisões nas políticas espaciais para evitar que o espaço se transforme em um cenário de confrontos estratégicos irreversíveis.Space exploration, initially driven by scientific cooperation and technological progress, has increasingly become an arena of strategic disputes among major global powers. The dissertation Space Law and the Militarization of Space: The New Logic of International Geopolitics analyzes how the growing militarization of outer space has reshaped international geopolitics, shifting space-related debates from cooperative governance to security-driven policies. The study examines the legal framework of Space Law, identifying the limitations of hard law and soft law norms in restraining militarization and effectively regulating orbital activities. The research argues that the pursuit of space primacy, driven by the rivalry among major powers such as the United States, China, and Russia, has promoted a new geopolitical understanding, where space dominance is seen as a central element of national defense strategies. The dissertation explores the impact of this phenomenon on international relations and the challenges faced by multilateral organizations, such as the United Nations Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), in attempting to establish effective regulations. In addition to discussing the historical aspects of space militarization, the study presents an overview of current space policies and military orbital strategies, highlighting the expansion of space military forces, such as the United States Space Force. The analysis reveals the ineffectiveness of existing international treaties in containing the escalation of space securitization and suggests the need for a new regulatory framework to balance global powers' interests while ensuring the peaceful and sustainable use of space. Finally, the dissertation concludes that space governance based on international cooperation has weakened in the face of the race for technological and military dominance, increasing the risks of interstate disputes and potential space conflicts. The study underscores the importance of policy revisions to prevent space from becoming a stage for irreversible strategic confrontations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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