45 research outputs found
Hybridization in howler monkeys: current understanding and future directions
No full textHybridization, or the process by which individuals from genetically distinct populations (e.g., species, subspecies) mate and produce at least some offspring, is of great relevance to understanding the basis of reproductive isolation and, in some cases, the origins of biodiversity. Natural hybridization among primates has been well known for a few taxa, but just recently the genetic confirmation of hybridization on a number of taxa has produced new awareness of the prevalence of this phenomenon in primates and its importance in primate evolution. The study of hybridization of Alouatta pigra and A. palliata in Mexico was among the first to genetically confirm the current occurrence of hybridization in primates. Following this study, other reports of hybridization across primate taxa have shown that this phenomenon is more widespread in the Primate order than was initially expected. Within the genus Alouatta, there have been reports on the presence of hybridization between A. caraya and A. guariba in a number of contact zones in Brazil and Argentina, and various studies are currently ongoing in some of these sites to understand the extent and patterns of hybridization between these species. In this chapter, we evaluate the extent of hybridization in the genus Alouatta, revise the current knowledge of the genetic and morphological aspects of these hybrid systems, and identify future directions in the study of hybridization within this genus, to understand the possible implications of the hybridization process in the evolutionary history of howler monkeys.Fil: Cortés Ortiz, Liliana. University of Michigan; Estados UnidosFil: Agostini, Ilaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Aguiar, Lucas M.. Universidade Federal da Integração Latinoamericana; BrasilFil: Kelaita, Mary. University of Texas; Estados UnidosFil: Silva, Felipe Ennes. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá; BrasilFil: Bicca Marques, Julio Cesar. Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Rio Grande Do Sul. Facultad de Biociencias; Brasi
Extensão da zona de contato e potencial hibridação entre Alouatta caraya e Alouatta guariba clamitans na região de São Francisco de Assis, RS
No full textThe occurrence of contact zones of the distribution of Alouatta species and their likely hybridization were recently described for A. palliata and A. pigra in Mexico and A. caraya and A. guariba clamitans in south Brazil and northeast Argentina. The present study focused on determining the extension of one of these contact zones and potential hybridization (Cerro dos Negros) in São Francisco de Assis region, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Population surveys were conducted in five sites in the neighborhood of Cerro dos Negros. A total of 108 howler monkey group sightings were obtained during 80 days of field research and 387 km of trails walked. Twelve groups of A. caraya, one containing individuals identified as hybrids on the basis of their mosaic pelage coloration, and 17 groups of A. guariba clamitans, seven containing putatively hybrid individuals, were identified. Five mixed-species groups containing hybrids and four groups composed exclusively by putative hybrids were also seen. The mosaic pelage coloration was seen in adult males, adult females and immature individuals. In sum, 44. 6% of all individuals were identified as pure A. guariba clamitans, 30. 8% as pure A. caraya and 24. 5% as putative hybrids. Despite the fact that allopatric A. caraya forms larger groups than alloptaric A. guariba clamitans, the sighted groups were similar in size, regardless of study site and group membership. The infant to adult female ratio also was similar among all types of groups, allowing to suggest that hybridization is not compromising the reproductive process. Although genetic analyses are required to confirm the hybrid or pure status, as well as the fertility, of the howlers from the surveyed populations, this study showed that the contact zone is wider and that hybridization between sympatric A. caraya and A. guariba clamitans is probably common.A ocorrência de zonas de contato da distribuição de espécies de Alouatta e sua provável hibridação foram recentemente descritos para A. palliata e A. pigra no México e A. caraya e A. guariba clamitans no sul do Brasil e nordeste da Argentina. O presente estudo avaliou a extensão de uma dessas zonas de contato e potencial hibridação (Cerro dos Negros) na região de São Francisco de Assis, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizados levantamentos populacionais em cinco áreas localizadas no entorno do Cerro dos Negros, onde foram obtidos 108 avistamentos durante 80 dias de campo e 387 km percorridos. Foram identificados 12 grupos de A. caraya, dos quais um continha indivíduos classificados como híbridos com base na coloração em mosaico de sua pelagem, e 17 grupos de A. guariba clamitans, dos quais sete continham indivíduos potencialmente híbridos. Também foram avistados cinco grupos mistos com híbridos e quatro grupos formados exclusivamente por indivíduos híbridos. Os indivíduos com pelagem em mosaico eram machos adultos, fêmeas adultas ou imaturos. Ao todo, 44,6% dos indivíduos avistados foram classificados como A. guariba clamitans puros, 30,8% como A. caraya puros e 24,5% como provavelmente híbridos. Apesar de A. caraya formar grupos maiores que A. guariba clamitans em alopatria, o tamanho dos grupos avistados nesse estudo foi semelhante, independente da área de estudo e de sua composição ser monoespecífica ou conter híbridos. A razão entre infantes e fêmeas adultas também foi semelhante entre esses tipos de grupos, o que permite sugerir que a hibridação não está comprometendo o processo reprodutivo. Embora análises genéticas sejam necessárias para confirmar o status de híbrido ou puro dos bugios dos grupos avistados, bem como sua fertilidade, o presente trabalho mostrou que a zona de contato é mais extensa e que a hibridação entre esses táxons parece ser comum nessas áreas de simpatria
Molecular phylogeny and systematics of bald uakaris, genus Cacajao (Primates: Pitheciidae), with the description of a new species
No full textDo Patch Size and Interpatch Distance Influence the Distribution of Brown Howler Monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in a Fragmented Landscape in South Brazil?
No full text(Primates, Callitrichidae)
No full textThe genus Saguinus comprises three principal clades that diverged in the Middle to Late Miocene. Their taxa are ecologically differentiated and allopatrically distributed. These clades were recently recognized as different genera, Saguinus, Tamarinus and Oedipomidas. In Tamarinus, the phylogenetic relationships among species/subspecies are poorly understood. Thus, in this study we present a comprehensive dated genomic phylogeny based on double digest restriction associated DNA for all known species and subspecies of Tamarinus. We also tested whether that Tamarinus imperator and Tamarinus subgrisescens are different species, as morphology-based taxonomy, phenotypical divergences and mitochondrial genes recognized them as two different species. Additionally, we reconstructed time-calibrated phylogenetics tree hypotheses of all extant species and subspecies of the genera Saguinus, Tamarinus and Oedipomidas. Our analysis robustly supported the phylogenetic hypothesis of all species/subspecies of the genus Tamarinus; strongly supported a divergence between the three clades, Saguinus, Oedipomidas and Tamarinus; and provided support for T. imperator and T. subgrisescens as distinct species. Therefore, we reiterate and ratify the division of Saguinus into three genera, supporting the taxonomic proposal for these genera
The power of peripheral governments : coping with the 1891 financial crisis in Portugal
No full textIn 1891 a financial crisis led Portugal to abandon the gold standard and to partially default by cutting interest payments on domestic and foreign debt. As a consequence, the country was banned from borrowing in international financial markets, until an agreement with foreign bondholders was reached in 1902. That financial crisis was the result of large current account and government deficits. Yet the abandonment of the gold standard and default were not imposed by financial difficulties only. This paper shows that such options were taken because of the growing domestic consensus regarding the need for a change in monetary policies. The concern about the domestic economy was more important to the Portuguese governments than the fear of a negative reaction of foreign bondholders. Insufficient information about the sustainability of government debt and lack of cooperation between borrowers left the Portuguese governments with space to manoeuvre according to their domestic political interest
Indexação automática de imagens digitais: uma análise em imagens paisagísticas
No full textEste trabalho tem como tema a indexação automática e manual de
imagens digitais, o seu estudo foi feito mediante um levantamento bibliográfico
e um estudo de caso, tomando como domínio de exemplo imagens
paisagísticas do estado do Amazonas. O objetivo principal a ser atingindo é
investigar as vantagens e desvantagens da indexação automática de imagens
digitais. Para isso foram trabalhados diversos conceitos como indexação,
indexação automática, além do conceito e características das imagens digitais.
Em seguida foi realizado um levantamento para selecionar o software de
indexação automática, a fim de comparar as imagens indexadas manualmente
e as indexadas de maneira automática. Esta comparação ocorreu avaliando
qual método de indexação mais preenche as categorias definidas por Capone e
Cordeiro e o modelo de Shatford, para a indexação de imagens. Como
resultados se observou que os descritores do software podem auxiliar ao
profissional da informação quanto ao assunto das imagens, entretanto para
informações mais avançadas, como os elementos do contexto de produção da
imagem, como autor ou a localização exata, é necessário a busca por mais
informações, exteriores às imagens pelo indexador.This essay has as subject-matter automatic indexing and manual indexing of
digital images, its study was done through a bibliographical survey and a casestudy,
taking as domain example landscape images of the Amazonas state. The
main goal to be achieved is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of
automatic indexing of digital images. In order to do so, we worked on several
concepts such as indexing, automatic indexing, beyond the concept and
characteristics of digital images. A survey was then carried out to select the
automatic indexing software in order to compare the indexed images manually
and indexed automatically. This comparison was carried out by evaluating
which indexing method most fills the categories defined by Capone and
Cordeiro and the Shatford model for the indexing of images. As results we
observed that the software descriptors can help the information professional
regarding the subject of the images, however for more advanced information,
such as the elements of the image production context, such as author or the
exact location, it is necessary to search for more information, outside the
images by the indexer
New species of titi monkey, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Pitheciidae), from Southern Amazonia, Brazil
No full textThe genus Callicebus is one of the most diverse Neotropical primate groups, with 31 recognized species. However, large knowledge gaps still exist regarding the diversity of this genus. Such gaps are gradually being filled due to recent intensification of sampling efforts. Several geographic distributions have been better delimited, and six new species have been described in the last 15 years. The goal of the present study is to describe a new species of Callicebus belonging to the Callicebus moloch species group, recently discovered in an area previously considered to be part of the geographic distribution of C. cinerascens. Data collection was conducted through direct observations, specimen collection and interviews with local residents during four expeditions. Specimens were deposited in the mammalian collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.. For a comparative evaluation, we examined specimens of the other species of the Callicebus moloch species group, especially the geographically neighboring forms, C. bernhardi and C. cinerascens. We examined 10 chromatic characters of the fur. In addition to body mass, we verified the conventional external variables and 26 craniometric variables. The new species differs from all other Amazonian Callicebus by an exclusive combination of characters, being easily distinguished by the light gray line of the forehead, dark ocher sideburns and throat, dark gray portions of the torso and flanks, and uniformly orange tail. The geographic distribution of the new species is limited by the Roosevelt and Aripuanã rivers, in the states of Mato Grosso and Amazonas, Brazil. Approximately 25% (1,246.382 ha) of this area falls within conservation areas, with five areas of sustainable use (746,818 ha) and three of integral protection (499,564 ha). Furthermore, a considerable portion of the distribution area is located within indigenous lands (1,555.116 ha - 32%). Therefore, 57% (2,801.498 ha) of the occurrence area of the new species falls within protected areas
Autobiografia em quadrinhos como fonte de informação
No full textOs quadrinhos autobiográficos tem como essência a hibridização da autobiografia, definida como obra produzida por um autor e que trata de sua própria vida, através de arte gráfica sequencial O trabalho objetiva analisar autobiografias em quadrinhos como fontes de informação, com base nos estudos sobre quadrinhos e autobiografias. O propósito foi identificar a produção científica sobre autobiografia, quadrinhos e autobiografia em quadrinhos no âmbito da Ciência da Informação e da Biblioteconomia. Como marco empírico, analisamos o quadrinho “Pílulas Azuis” evidenciando as relações com a autobiografia e os quadrinhos de modo a verificar se a obra atende os aspectos de uma fonte de informação. Na metodologia, após o levantamento bibliográfico, foi realizado um estudo do quadrinho “Pílulas Azuis” com base nos elementos da linguagem em quadrinho. Como conclusão, evidenciamos a potencialidade da autobiografia em quadrinho como fonte de informação.The autobiographical comic has as its essence the hybridization of autobiography, defined as a work produced by an author and that deals with his own life, through sequential graphic art The work aims to analyze comic autobiographies as sources of information, based on studies on comics and autobiographies The purpose was to identify the scientific production on autobiography, comics and comic autobiography in the scope of Information Science and Librarianship. As an empirical framework, we analyzed the "Blue Pills" comic strip highlighting the relations with autobiography and comics in order to verify if the work meets the aspects of an information source. In the methodology, after the bibliographical survey, a study of the comic "Blue Pills" was carried out based on the elements of the comic language. In conclusion, we highlight the potential of comic autobiography as a source of information
A importância sociocultural dos lugares de memória: uma análise da literatura
No full textOs arquivos desde seu surgimento tinham a função de guardar e preservar os documentos administrativos. Hoje, além de guardar os documentos administrativos, tem a função de preservá-los após cumprirem seu prazo primário, responsabilizando-se assim, pela guarda permanente dos documentos com valor permanente. Estes, por serem considerados históricos, servem ainda como fonte de pesquisa para historiadores ou para a própria população, sendo responsáveis também por preservar a memória de uma nação. A partir deste contexto, o presente trabalho aborda a importância sociocultural dos lugares de memória, ligada aos conceitos variados de memória e história. Tem como objetivos estabelecer o quanto a democracia pode ser afetada a partir de seu acesso, uma vez que este pode dar transparência aos atos políticos e sociais, que são de interesse da população e identificar os pontos em comum e também os de divergência de cada autor, com o propósito de nivelar o conhecimento sobre o tema, tratando-se de um estudo bibliográfico descritivoThe archives since its inception had the function to save and preserve official documents. Today, in addition to storing official documents, has the function of preserving them after serving their term primary responsibility is thus the permanent custody of the documents with lasting value. These, as they are considered historical, yet serve as a research resource for historians or to the people themselves, being also responsible for preserving the memory of a nation. From this context, this work addresses the importance of sociocultural places of memory, linked to different concepts of memory and history. Aims to establish how democracy can be affected from your access to, since this can give transparency to political and social acts, which are of interest of the population and identify commonalities and also the divergence of each author for the purpose of leveling the knowledge on the subject, the case of a bibliographic descriptio
