1,720,959 research outputs found
Elección de modo de transporte urbano en la ciudad de Cuenca. Estimación de demanda aplicando un experimento de elección de preferencias declaradas
Get PDFEn este estudio se realizó una encuesta de preferencias declaradas con un diseño experimental
D-eficiente utilizando el software Ngene, a una muestra representativa de la ciudad de CuencaEcuador, para un viaje desde el hogar ya sea al lugar de trabajo o al centro de estudios, para lo
cual se seleccionaron aleatoriamente ocho parroquias urbanas, a su vez, de cada parroquia
seleccionada se eligieron sectores de manera aleatoria para la aplicación de la respectiva
encuesta.
Luego, con los datos conductuales recogidos se estimaron, mediante el software BIOGEME
(Bierlaire, 2003, 2009), ocho modelos de elección discreta, de los cuales, las mejores
especificaciones resultaron ser el modelo Logit Multinomial (LMN) y Logit Anidado con los que se
obtuvo evidencia de que para un día sin lluvia el valor de los ahorros de tiempo de viaje estaría
entre 0,60/hora (NL); el valor de los ahorros de tiempo de espera fue de
0,27/cuadra
(MNL) y 4,20/hora (MNL) y 3,60/hora (MNL) y 0,59/cuadra (NL) y 1001-2.40/hour (MNL) and 1.80/hour (MNL and NL) and the value of savings per
block walked would be between 0.22/block (NL); while for a day with rain
the value of travel time savings would be between 6.60/hour (NL); the
value of waiting time savings would be between 6.00 (NL) and the value
of savings per block walked would be between 0.39/block (MNL). In
addition, it is evident that households that on average have high monthly incomes, between
3000 or more, value between 83% and 91% more their travel time; between 40% and
53% more their waiting time and between 10% and 43% more their blocks walked on a non-rainy
and rainy day respectively. The valid results for both the valuation of transportation service
attributes and for making predictions or inferences are those reported by the Nested Logit (NL)
model, since it relaxes some of the restrictive assumptions of the Multinomial Logit (MNL) model;
however, the results of the two models are presented for comparative purposes.
In the analysis of public policy scenarios, it is found that if the Directorate of Mobility Management
plans to promote the use of the tramway as the backbone of the mobility system in Cuenca, a fare
increase may not be the most appropriate way, since it would cause a substantial decrease in
demand, which could make the operation of this service unsustainable; moreover, if it is desired
to boost the demand for buses, a decrease in bus waiting time would generate a significant
increase in demand and the system's capacity would have to be increased to meet the expected
demand; Likewise, if it is decided to increase the cost of bus travel, there would be a substitution
effect from buses to the streetcar. Likewise, if it is desired to mitigate the demand for private
vehicles, increases in parking costs and travel costs such as road taxes together with
improvements in service variables such as reduced travel times or waiting times for public
transport, linked to the reduction of bus service frequencies and an adequate road network in
Cuenca in the estimated transport demand model, could result in efficient public policies to
democratize public space and reduce congestion, thus obtaining social economic benefits in the
reduction of travel time of users. In this way, empirical evidence is obtained that the sensitivity of
current or potential users of the different modes of urban transport changes significantly in
response to variations in the level of service variables of the different modes of transport.Magíster en EconomíaCuenc
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Las Políticas Públicas como estabilizadores económicos: Evidencia empírica para países americanos
Get PDFEl manejo de la Política Económica pretende brindar estabilidad a las variables que influyen en el nivel de precios y ocupación de cualquier país. Este estudio se propuso analizar y brindar evidencia empírica de los efectos dinámicos de las políticas monetarias y fiscales en el crecimiento de la economía medido por el PIB per cápita. Se aplicó la metodología del modelo de Paneles de Vectores Autorregresivos (PVAR) a 33 observaciones anuales (1985-2017) para países desarrollados - Brasil, Argentina, EE.UU. y Chile - y países en desarrollo - Ecuador, Perú, Venezuela y Bolivia - del continente americano en base al IDH 2017, con datos del Banco Mundial. Los resultados muestran que, en los países desarrollados, la política monetaria es efectiva porque una tasa de interés más baja induce incentivos para la inversión; mientras que, en los países en desarrollo, la política fiscal es relativamente eficaz puesto que tiende a ser contra cíclica, además de la posibilidad de que el sector privado puede especular sobre la economía futura.
Palabras clave: Política Fiscal, Política Monetaria, Estabilización Económica, Continente Americano, Macroeconomía, Modelo PVAR.
AbstractThe management of the Economic Policy aims to provide stability to the variables that influence the level of prices and occupation of any country. This study set out to analyze and provide empirical evidence of the dynamic effects of monetary and fiscal policies on the growth of the economy as measured by GDP per capita. The methodology of the Autoregressive Vector Panels (PVAR) model was applied to 33 annual observations (1985-2017) for developed countries - Brazil, Argentina, USA and Chile - and developing countries - Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela and Bolivia. - from the American continent based on the 2017 HDI, obtained from the World Bank’s open database. The results show that, in developed countries, monetary policy is effective because a lower interest rate induces incentives for investment; while, in developing countries, fiscal policy is relatively effective since it tends to be countercyclical, in addition to the possibility that the private sector can speculate on the future economy.
Key words: Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Economic Stabilization, American Continent, Macroeconomics, PVAR Model
Eficiencia Técnica en el Servicio de Transporte Público de Pasajeros: estudio de caso Cuenca, Ecuador
No full textAn inadequate management of public passenger transport affects less road capacity, and becoming a challenge for the political decision-maker due to the social impact that the service entails; In this sense, the present investigation has estimated the technical efficiency frontier of the public passenger transport service through the DEA Data Envelopment Analysis methodology for the city of Cuenca. Two models were used, demand and supply; as DMU, the 37 bus service routes were taken; as variables, for the input the Km Traveled, the Total Fleet, and Frequencies, and for the output, the Number of Passengers and the Operating Costs; the data was obtained from the Revision Report of the Collective Urban Public Transport Tariff of the Cuenca Canton for the year 2021. The results indicated an average efficiency, in the transport service, of 68% for the demand model and 90% in the supply model; they also show technical inefficiency due to the scale in which the different routes operate; finally concluding a necessary increase, mainly, the Km in the travel routes and the service frequencies.
Una gestión inadecuada del transporte público incide en una menor capacidad vial, convirtiéndose en un desafío para el decisor político por el impacto social que conlleva el servicio. En este sentido, la presente investigación estimó la Eficiencia Técnica del servicio de transporte público mediante la metodología del Análisis Envolvente de Datos para la ciudad de Cuenca. Se utilizaron dos modelos: de demanda y de oferta; como DMU se tomaron a las 37 rutas de servicio de buses; como variables, para el input los kilómetros recorridos, la flota total, y el intervalo de paso, y para el output, el número de pasajeros y los costos operativos; datos obtenidos del Informe de Revisión de la Tarifa del Transporte Público Urbano Colectivo del Cantón Cuenca del año 2021. Los resultados indicaron una eficiencia promedio, en el servicio de transporte, del 68% para el modelo de demanda y el 90% en el de oferta; muestran además ineficiencias técnicas por la escala en la que operan las diferentes rutas; concluyéndose la necesidad de incrementar la distancia en las rutas de recorrido y los intervalos de paso
Covid-19 e a macroeconomia equatoriana
Get PDFThe Covid-19 pandemic brought consequences, many of them irreparable, in the social, health and economic fields. The objective of this study is to determine the specific impact of Covid-19 on GDP and its components: household consumption, gross fixed capital formation, public spending, exports and imports in Ecuador; For this, a quasi-experimental design was used, applying the Differences in Differences method. The database of the main macroeconomic aggregates of the real and financial sector published in the bulletins of the quarterly national accounts of the Central Bank at prices of the base year 2007 was considered, taking into account five quarters before and five quarters after Covid-19, using the former as the control group and the latter as the treatment group. Among the main results, a 7.5% decrease in GDP was found, being more relevant in the gross formation of fixed capital; therefore, with greater effects on productive capacity and job creation, concluding that it is necessary to implement policies that stimulate public and private investment, first analyzing its conditions and components, but, above all, the availability of money and its high costLa pandemia Covid-19 trajo consecuencias, muchas de ellas irreparables, en el campo social, de la salud y de la economía. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el impacto específico de la Covid-19 sobre el PIB y sus componentes: consumo de los hogares, formación bruta de capital fijo, gasto público, exportaciones e importaciones en el Ecuador; para ello se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental, aplicando el método Diferencias en Diferencias. Se consideró la base de datos de los principales agregados macroeconómicos del sector real y financiero publicados en los boletines de las cuentas nacionales trimestrales del Banco Central a precios del año base 2007, teniendo en cuenta cinco trimestres antes y cinco trimestres después de la Covid-19, utilizando los primeros como grupo de control y los posteriores como grupo de tratamiento. Entre los principales resultados se encontró una disminución del PIB del 7,5%, siendo más relevante en la formación bruta de capital fijo; por lo tanto, con mayores efectos en la capacidad productiva y creación de empleo, concluyendo que es necesario implementar políticas que estimulen la inversión pública y privada, analizando primero sus condiciones y componentes, pero, sobre todo, la disponibilidad del dinero y su alto costo.A pandemia de Covid-19 trouxe consequências, muitas delas irreparáveis, nos domínios social, sanitário e económico. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o impacto específico do Covid-19 no PIB e seus componentes: consumo das famílias, formação bruta de capital fixo, gasto público, exportações e importações no Equador; Para isso, foi utilizado um desenho quase-experimental, aplicando-se o método Diferenças em Diferenças. Foi considerada a base de dados dos principais agregados macroeconómicos do setor real e financeiro publicada nos boletins das contas nacionais trimestrais do Banco Central a preços do ano base 2007, tendo em conta cinco trimestres antes e cinco trimestres depois da Covid-19. , usando o primeiro como grupo de controle e o segundo como grupo de tratamento. Dentre os principais resultados, constatou-se uma queda de 7,5% no PIB, sendo mais relevante na formação bruta de capital fixo; portanto, com maiores efeitos na capacidade produtiva e geração de empregos, concluindo que é necessário implementar políticas que estimulem o investimento público e privado, analisando primeiro as suas condições e componentes, mas, sobretudo, a disponibilidade de dinheiro e o seu elevado cust
Eficiencia Técnica en el Servicio de Transporte Público de Pasajeros
No full textAn inadequate management of public passenger transport affects less road capacity, and becoming a challenge for the political decision-maker due to the social impact that the service entails; In this sense, the present investigation has estimated the technical efficiency frontier of the public passenger transport service through the DEA Data Envelopment Analysis methodology for the city of Cuenca. Two models were used, demand and supply; as DMU, the 37 bus service routes were taken; as variables, for the input the Km Traveled, the Total Fleet, and Frequencies, and for the output, the Number of Passengers and the Operating Costs; the data was obtained from the Revision Report of the Collective Urban Public Transport Tariff of the Cuenca Canton for the year 2021. The results indicated an average efficiency, in the transport service, of 68% for the demand model and 90% in the supply model; they also show technical inefficiency due to the scale in which the different routes operate; finally concluding a necessary increase, mainly, the Km in the travel routes and the service frequencies.
Una gestión inadecuada del transporte público incide en una menor capacidad vial, convirtiéndose en un desafío para el decisor político por el impacto social que conlleva el servicio. En este sentido, la presente investigación estimó la Eficiencia Técnica del servicio de transporte público mediante la metodología del Análisis Envolvente de Datos para la ciudad de Cuenca. Se utilizaron dos modelos: de demanda y de oferta; como DMU se tomaron a las 37 rutas de servicio de buses; como variables, para el input los kilómetros recorridos, la flota total, y el intervalo de paso, y para el output, el número de pasajeros y los costos operativos; datos obtenidos del Informe de Revisión de la Tarifa del Transporte Público Urbano Colectivo del Cantón Cuenca del año 2021. Los resultados indicaron una eficiencia promedio, en el servicio de transporte, del 68% para el modelo de demanda y el 90% en el de oferta; muestran además ineficiencias técnicas por la escala en la que operan las diferentes rutas; concluyéndose la necesidad de incrementar la distancia en las rutas de recorrido y los intervalos de paso
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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