186 research outputs found
Cross-Border Mobility in Italy: Some Considerations in Response to the Recent Commentaries
Full text linkThe paper “Regional incentives and patient cross-border mobility” received three commentaries, each adopting a different perspective on patients’ mobility issue. Starting with Neri,1 the author deeply examines the paper, by considering and commenting each step of the analysis
Five Solutions to the REMS Patent Problem
No full textTwo principles collide in the pharmaceutical industry. On the one hand, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approves potentially dangerous drugs under Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (“REMS”) programs when a drug’s benefits outweigh its risks. But on the other hand, brand firms can prevent generic competition by patenting these programs. REMS patents, which claim compliance with FDA-imposed REMS programs, pose two problems—one procedural, the other substantive. First, current practice is to list REMS patents in the Orange Book even though such listings may be invalid, with this conduct allowing the brand to obtain an automatic 30- month stay of generic approval. Second, because a REMS program appears on a product’s label and generics must copy that label, REMS patents threaten generics with claims of induced infringement. We offer five solutions to these problems. First, we target brands’ listings of REMS patents in the Orange Book, proposing that generic firms sued for infringement file counterclaims to delist REMS patents and that the FDA issue guidance making clear that REMS patents cannot be listed. Second, we suggest more rigorous scrutiny of REMS patents in the courts and at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Third, we apply the Supreme Court’s four-factor eBay test to conclude that courts should award damages rather than injunctions in cases of infringement. Fourth, we suggest that Congress amend the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 to mitigate the effects of REMS patents. And fifth, we recommend that, similar to the treatment of tax-strategy patents in the America Invents Act, Congress deem REMS patents to fall within the prior art
An innocent at home: Scott Pilgrim and his Canadian multicultural contexts
No full textbook chapterThe chapter, "An innocent at home: Scott Pilgrim and his Canadian multicultural contexts" was written by the listed authors Brenna Clarke Gray and Peter Wilkins (Douglas College Faculty). Part of the Routledge research in cultural and media studies series.Published
Teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education in primary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria
Full text linkPrimary Teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education in Lagos State Nigeria is under-reported in the research literature. The purpose of the current study, therefore, was to bridge the gap in knowledge about inclusive education, children with special educational needs and/or disability and teachers’ attitudes in primary school settings in Lagos, Nigeria. Participant schools were randomly selected, and 120 questionnaires were distributed. Data comprised participants’ demographics, and a questionnaire, which was analysed using descriptive statistics, mean scores and standard deviation. Results of this mixed methods study showed that most primary teachers in Lagos had a negative attitude towards the inclusion of children with SEN/D. One of the key factors found to influence teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education was individual teachers’ level of understanding about inclusive educational practices. Contrary to similar studies conducted in developed countries, our findings showed that Teachers’ attitudes were not significantly affected by their academic achievement, years of teaching experience and /or exposure to people with SEN/D, nor were attitudes affected by engaging in professional Special Educational Needs training. It is proposed therefore, that initial teacher education for primary teachers in Lagos State should focus on specific training for inclusive practices. Programmes should comprise knowledge and skills to help change teachers’ attitudes towards those children with SEN/D who attend regular schools
CD4+ T Follicular Helper Cells in Human Tonsils and Blood Are Clonally Convergent but Divergent from Non-Tfh CD4+ Cells
No full textT follicular helper (Tfh) cells are fundamental for B cell selection and antibody maturation in germinal centers. Circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells constitute a minor proportion of the CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, but their clonotypic relationship to Tfh populations resident in lymph nodes and the extent to which they differ from non-Tfh CD4+ cells have been unclear. Using donor-matched blood and tonsil samples, we investigate T cell receptor (TCR) sharing between tonsillar Tfh cells and peripheral Tfh and non-Tfh cell populations. TCR transcript sequencing reveals considerable clonal overlap between peripheral and tonsillar Tfh cell subsets as well as a clear distinction between Tfh and non-Tfh cells. Furthermore, influenza-specific cTfh cell clones derived from blood can be found in the repertoire of tonsillar Tfh cells. Therefore, human blood samples can be used to gain insight into the specificity of Tfh responses occurring in lymphoid tissues, provided that cTfh subsets are studied. © 2019 The AuthorsCD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are fundamental for antibody production. Brenna et al. demonstrate extensive repertoire overlap between Tfh populations in human blood and tonsils, whereas non-Tfh repertoires differ profoundly. Therefore, analysis of Tfh but not of total circulating CD4+ T cells can reflect the specificity of lymphoid tissue Tfh cells. © 2019 The Author
“He knows he is safe; you are the safety net”. Key adult intervention with children with attachment difficulties: The TAs perspective.
Full text linkChildren and young adults who are ‘looked after' can present teachers and teaching assistants with a variety of day to day classroom challenges and a range of complex behaviours due to adverse childhood environments. This group of vulnerable young people have very complex social and emotional behaviours that require a considered approach of support and interventions. The types of interventions deployed in schools, however, may depend on staff knowledge, staff self confidence, and interpersonal skills to support the child’s learning and complex behaviours. An example of an intervention is the Key Adult intervention programme (Bomber, 2007, p.57), which is purported to develop staff knowledge and self confidence when working with Looked After Children. Training in Key Adult intervention occurred at a special school, which had a high percentage of Looked After Children, situated in an East Midlands town. The purpose of the study was firstly to support the children through in-depth knowledge development for supporting staff, and secondly to investigate staff confidence and understanding of the needs of Looked After Children. In addition, supporting factors of the Key Adult intervention and a discovery of any barriers to its implementation were sought. Using a mixed methods approach, data were collected from participating staff using questionnaires and focused conversations. Qualitative data were analysed using Cresswells six-step process. Findings suggest the Key Adult intervention is an effective means to support staff confidence and understanding, and also offer support for Looked After Children. Recommendations for future practice include increased training and support for Teaching Assistants, teachers and the school community as a whole. In addition, targeted professional and emotional support for the Teaching Assistants deployed, and increased communication between Senior Leaders and Teaching Assistants is crucial. The current research, therefore, adds to existing literature by providing an evaluation of the Key Adult intervention within a special school setting with evidence gathered from Teaching assistan
A model for enhancing social communication and interaction in everyday activities for primary school children with ASD
No full textChildren with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder may find the social aspects of learning particularly challenging because of the traits of diffculty with social communication and interaction. This paper evaluates the impact of an interactive model designed to support social communication and interaction for twelve students with ASD, who attend three international primary schools in Hong Kong. Using an exploratory mixed‐methods approach, the study investigates the children's participation and engagement when a Social Communication and Interaction model is in operation. The model is built around the concept of mediation and the use of tools, which were intended to encourage children with ASD to be engaged in high‐level participation activities. Attention is drawn towards the children's growth of self‐confidence, a reduction of adult support and the children's increased participation with others in the activity sessions
The implementation of inclusive education in Beijing: exorcizing the haunting spectre of meritocracy
Full text linkThe implementation of inclusive education in Beijing: exorcizing the haunting spectre of meritocracy
Full text linkA Study of the Accuracy and Reliability of Sex Estimation Methods of the Human Pelvis
No full textABSTRACT\ud
A STUDY OF THE ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF SEX\ud
ESTIMATION METHODS OF THE HUMAN PELVIS\ud
by\ud
Brenna Kay Blanchard\ud
Master of Arts in Anthropology\ud
California State University, Chico\ud
Spring 2010\ud
Sex determination is an important first step in the development of a biological\ud
profile in human osteology, as methods to estimate other components of the profile\ud
depend on sex. The pelvis is the most sexually dimorphic anatomical region due to obstetrical\ud
requirements. This thesis tests sex estimation methods for the pelvis from three\ud
sources to determine rates of reliability and accuracy. The sex estimation methods recommended\ud
in Buikstra and Ubelaker, the Bruzek method, and the Murphy method were\ud
evaluated using remains curated at the California State University ??? Chico Human Identification\ud
Laboratory and the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection at the University\ud
of Tennessee, Knoxville.\ud
Intra- and interobserver error studies were performed to test reliability between\ud
two observations by the author and between the author and a second observer.\ud
xiii\ud
Intra-rater reliability was high for most traits and combinations of traits. The opposite\ud
was the case for inter-rater reliability. Concordance was assessed using Cohen???s kappa\ud
and paired t-tests.\ud
All traits, combinations of traits, and sex determinations for the Buikstra and\ud
Ubelaker and Bruzek methods were statistically significant when compared with biological\ud
sex. The Murphy method was statistically significant between the sexes. The\ud
morphological methods were evaluated using Pearson???s Chi-square and the Murphy\ud
method was assessed using independent samples t-tests. The Bruzek method categorized\ud
a high percentage of individuals as indeterminate. A revised version of the Bruzek\ud
method was proposed, tested, and resulted in a high correct classification rate and low\ud
error rate.\ud
A movement toward standardization is occurring in the forensic sciences,\ud
which includes finding error rates for identification methods. Validation studies are important\ud
for the future of the forensic sciences and the process of standardization because\ud
they establish the accuracy, reliability and error rates of previously published methods.CSU, Chic
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