1,723,848 research outputs found
On the Measurement of the Relative Viscosity of Suspensions
No full textThe relative viscosity of a suspension of rigid, noncolloidal particles immersed in a Newtonian fluid was measured in a Couette device and was found to be shear thinning even for values of the solids fraction as low as 20%. Although such behavior was reported previously, no satisfactory explanation appears to have been given thus far. It shall be shown presently, however, that, at least for our systems, this shear-thinning effect was due to a slight mismatch in the densities of the two phases. Moreover, the apparent relative viscosities measured in our apparatus were found to be in excellent agreement with those predicted theoretically using a model, originally proposed by Leighton and Acrivos [Chem. Eng. Sci. 41, 1377–1384 (1986)], to describe viscous resuspension, according to which the measured relative viscosity should depend on the bulk particle concentration and on the dimensionless Shields number A, and should attain its correct value for a well-mixed suspension only as A. The predictions of this model are also in excellent agreement with the measured transient response of the apparent relative viscosity due to a sudden change in the shear rate
Shear-Induced Resuspension in a Couette Device
No full textThe viscous resuspension of an initially settled bed of particles resulting from the application of a laminar shear flow was studied experimentally in a narrow-gas Couette device. The measured height of the resuspended layer was found to be in excellent agreement with that predicted theoretically using a model developed by Leighton & Acrivos, in which the downward gravitational particle flux is balanced by a correspong upward flux due to shear-induced particle diffusion
The first (nearly) model-independent constraint on the neutral hydrogen fraction at z ̃ 6
No full textCosmic reionization is expected to be complex, extended and very inhomogeneous. Existing constraints atz~ 6 on the volume-averaged neutral hydrogen fraction,, are highly model-dependent and controversial. Constraints atz< 6, suggesting that the Universe is highly ionized, are also model-dependent, but more fundamentally are invalid in the context of inhomogeneous reionization. As such, it has recently been pointed out that there is no conclusive evidence that reionization has completed byz~ 5-6, a fact that has important ramifications on the interpretation of high-redshift observations and theoretical models. We present the first direct upper limits onatz~ 5-6 using the simple and robust statistic of the covering fraction of dark pixels in the Lyα/β forests of high-redshift quasars. With a sample of 13 Keck Echellette Spectrograph and Imager spectra we constrainat 5.0 ≲z≲ 5.5, rising toatz~ 6.1. We also find tentative evidence for a break in the redshift evolution of the dark covering fraction atz~ 5.5. A subsample of two deep spectra provides a more stringent constraint of, when combined with conservative estimates of cosmic variance. This upper limit is comparable to existing results atz~ 6 but is more robust. The results presented here do not rely on assumptions about quasar continua, intergalactic medium density, the morphology of Hii regions or ionizing background fields, and thus are a good starting point for future interpretation of high-redshift observations. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
