1,720,997 research outputs found
Premessa al documento di Dartmouth
No full textSi introduce al celebre documento preparatorio (1955) della conferenza di Dartmouth, atto di nascita ufficiale dell'Intelligenza Artificiale, qui tradotto in italiano (da G. Paronitti
Representing concepts in formal ontologies: Compositionality vs. typicality effects
No full textThe problem of concept representation is relevant for many subfields of cognitive research, including psychology and philosophy, as well as artificial intelligence. In particular, in recent years it has received a great deal of attention within the field of knowledge representation, due to its relevance for both knowledge engineering as well as ontology-based technologies. However, the notion of a concept itself turns out to be highly disputed and problematic. In our opinion, one of the causes of this state of affairs is that the notion of a concept is, to some extent, heterogeneous, and encompasses different cognitive phenomena. This results in a strain between conflicting requirements, such as compositionality, on the one hand and the need to represent prototypical information on the other. In some ways artificial intelligence research shows traces of this situation. In this paper, we propose an analysis of this current state of affairs. Since it is our opinion that a mature methodology with which to approach knowledge representation and knowledge engineering should also take advantage of the empirical results of cognitive psychology concerning human abilities, we outline some proposals for concept representation in formal ontologies, which take into account suggestions from psychological research. Our basic assumption is that knowledge representation systems whose design takes into account evidence from experimental psychology (and which, therefore, are more similar to the human way of organizing and processing information) may therefore give better results in many applications (e.g. in the fields of information retrieval and semantic web)
Towards an extended model of conceptual representations in formal ontologies: A typicality-based proposal
No full textIn this paper we propose a possible solution for the problem of the computational representation of non-classical concepts (i.e. concepts that cannot be characterized in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions) in the field of formal ontologies. In particular, taking into account empirical evidences coming from cognitive psychology, according to which concept representation is not a unitary phenomenon, we suggest that a similar approach to the representation of conceptual knowledge could be useful also in the field of ontology based technologies. Finally we propose, in a linked open data perspective, conceptual spaces as a suitable framework for developing some aspects of the presented proposal. © J.UCS
Representing Wine Concepts: A Hybrid Approach
No full textWines with geographical indication can be classified and represented by such features as designations of origin, producers, vintage years, alcoholic strength, and grape varieties; these features allow us to define wines in terms of a set of necessary and/or sufficient conditions. However, wines can also be identified by other characteristics, involving their look, smell, and taste; in this case, it is hard to define wines in terms of necessary and/or sufficient conditions, as wine concepts exhibit typicality effects. This is a setback for the design of computer science ontologies aiming to represent wine concepts, since knowledge representation formalisms commonly adopted in this field do not allow for the representation of concepts in terms of typical traits. To solve this problem, we propose to adopt a hybrid approach in which ontology-oriented formalisms are combined with a geometric representation of knowledge based on conceptual spaces. As in conceptual spaces, concepts are identified in terms of a number of quality dimensions. In order to determine those relevant for wine representation, we use the terminology developed by the Italian Association of Sommeliers to describe wines. This will allow us to understand typicality effects about wines, determine prototypes and better exemplars, and measure the degree of similarity between different wines
Computazionalismo sotto attacco
No full textA partire dalla prima metà degli anni ottanta nella comunità della scienza cognitiva il computazionalismo è stato messo “sotto attacco” da parte di diversi critici di quelle impostazioni dell’IA e della scienza cognitiva che a partire da allora saranno dette “classiche” o “simboliche”. In questo lavoro mostriamo come queste critiche siano in buona parte basate su una concezione troppo semplificata del computazionalismo nella scienza cognitiva
A cognitive architecture for artificial vision
No full textAbstractA new cognitive architecture for artificial vision is proposed. The architecture, aimed at an autonomous intelligent system, is cognitive in the sense that several cognitive hypotheses have been postulated as guidelines for its design. The first one is the existence of a conceptual representation level between the subsymbolic level, that processes sensory data, and the linguistic level, that describes scenes by means of a high level language. The conceptual level plays the role of the interpretation domain for the symbols at the linguistic levels. A second cognitive hypothesis concerns the active role of a focus of attention mechanism in the link between the conceptual and the linguistic level: the exploration process of the perceived scene is driven by linguistic and associative expectations. This link is modeled as a time delay attractor neural network. Results are reported obtained by an experimental implementation of the architecture
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