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BRIONY’S GUILTY FEELING AND HER ATONEMENT IN IAN MCEWAN’S ATONEMENT
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BRIONY’S GUILTY FEELING AND HER ATONEMENT IN IAN MCEWAN’S ATONEMENT
Lailatul Fitriya
English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University
[email protected]
Drs. Much. Khoiri, M.Si
English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University
[email protected]
Abstrak
Perasaan bersalah dan taubat adalah hal yang ditunjukkan oleh seseorang ketika mereka membuat kesalahan atau dosa. Ian McEwan adalah salah satu penulis yang menulis sebuah novel tentang perasaan bersalah dan taubat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan perasaan bersalah dan taubat dari karakter utama. Dengan menggunakan teori-teori yang relevan, studi ini menganalisis kutipan-kutipan dari dalam novel yang mewakili perasaan bersalah dan taubat sebagai sumber data. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bagaimana perasaan bersalah Briony yang menyebabkan dirinya sebagai karakter utama melakukan taubat, perasaan bersalah tersebut dapat digambarkan dalam tiga jenis. Pertama, perasaan bersalah Briony yang digambarkan ketika dia menyadari kesalahannya dan dia merasa bahwa dia melakukan hal yang salah. Kedua, perasaan bersalah Briony yang digambarkan ketika dia melakukan hal yang baik. Ketiga, digambarkan ketika dia membuat permintaan maaf dengan mengatakan kebenaran yang sesungguhnya. Setelah perasaan bersalah ketiga muncul, dia ingin mengadakan taubat atas kesalahan yang dilakukan. Berdasarkan semua perasaan bersalah dalam hidupnya, ia kemudian mencoba untuk bertaubat dengan membuat cerita fiksi antara Robbie dan Cecilia. Sebagai novelis, ia menulis sebuah fiksi yang memiliki cerita bahagia antara Robbie dan Cecilia, karena dia menyadari tentang rasa bersalahnya yang telah membuat Robbie dan Cecilia menderita sampai akhir hayat tanpa bisa memenuhi cinta mereka berdua.
Kata kunci: Rasa bersalah dan taubat
Abstract
Guilty feeling and atonement are the thing which have been showed by the people when they make a guilt or sins. Ian McEwan is the one of the writers that wrote a novel about guilty and atonement. This study aimed to depict a guilty feeling and an atonement of the main character. By using relevant theories, the study analyses the data for example, quotation from the novel that represent guilty feeling. The result of analysis shows how Briony’s guilty feeling depicted in the atonement can be described in three kinds. First, Briony’s guilty feeling is depicted when she realized of her guilt and she felt that she did a wrong thing. Second, Briony’s guilty feeling depicted when she did a good thing. Third is depicted when she made an apology by telling the fact. After the third guilty feeling passed, she wanted to make atonement. Based on all her guilty feeling in her life, she then tried to make atonement by making a fiction of Robbie and Cecilia. As a novelist, she wrote a fiction that has happy ending between Robbie and Cecilia, because she realized about her guilt that has made Robbie and Cecilia get suffered to death without being able to fulfil their love.
Key words: Guilty feeling and atonement
INTRODUCTION
As in a general world, there is something that is always different in each side, good and bad is opposite one. In those two actions, there are consequences that will automatically happen in our live. Such an aphorism said that "what are you planting it so shall you reap even though it was a bit". It has a meaning that if we are doing the good attitude we will get good response or if we are doing bad attitude the bad response will appear too. But, as a human being, we often done a bad attitude or guilt that makes suffer to the other one.
Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes accurately or not that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that violation. It is closely related to the concept of remorse. In a fairly thought, if someone doing a guilt action, he or she will feel guilty feelings. Guilty feeling is remorse caused by feeling responsible for some offense. It is analogously with the story which narrated by Ian McEwan in his novel Atonement that actually told about a guilty feelings and the atonement of someone.
Seen from the morphological point of view, the word guilty which means “having done something illegal or being responsible for something bad that has happened” is derived from the word guilt which has meaning “the fact that somebody has done something illegal or responsibility for doing something wrong or for something bad that has happened”. According to Sigmund Freud, the guilty feelings may arise when individual violates some ideals or values of “superego” by responding the impulses from the “id”. It may be more accurate in Freudian theory to speak about a “guilty ego”. Historically, guilty feeling arises when individuals involved in illegal acts, such as Salzmann said "Historically, the concept of guilt has involved an act transgressing or breaking a law." (Salzmann, 1983 in John Banmen 1988:79) ".
In this story, Briony as the main character feels that she was doing a guilt that makes her regret of her self in her life. Her sister “Cecilia” and “Robbie” could not get their love and they died before they could be reunited together and she wants to get atonement for her sin. Therefore, in this study wants to show how is the problem build because the guilty feeling. Some guilty that did by the main character which cause of another people had pain and how is the punishment that have done by the main character. Then author wants to describe more about how is Briony’s guilty feeling, causes of Briony’s atonement and what actually done in her life.
In accordance of background study above, it can be simplify to discuss among two problems that emerge as significant concern toward this novel.
How is Briony’s guilty feeling depicted in Ian Mcewan’s Atonement?
How does the guilty feeling causes Briony’s atonement in Ian Mcewan’s Atonement?
This study will use two concept theories which are in line with the statement of the problems. The first problem is how Briony’s guilty feeling depicted in Ian Mcewan’s Atonemen. This statement will use the concept of guilty feeling. According to Narramore individual may feel guilty because the actual violation of the law of God (Real guilt) or for emotional maladjustment (Pseudo guilt). Freud also said that, guilty feeling is based on the internalization of the values of the parents and the community. Guilty feeling begins when the children are afraid of punishment and loss of love old people when they violate social norms. According to Sigmund Freud, guilty feeling occur when the ego act, or even mean, to act contrary to contrary to moral norms superego (Freud, 2006: 67).
Narramore said that the Guilty feeling is divided into two types they are, the real guilt and pseudo guilt. Real guilt, every person is usually attached to the tendency to sin or transgress the law of God. Feelings have done wrong and have been proven guilty of the offense for violating the law of God is what is usually called the real guilt.
Then the second problem is how ow does the guilty feeling causes Briony’s atonement in Ian Mcewan’s Atonement. This statement will apply the concept of atonement. According to Narramore (1981: 106) expresses real feelings of guilt is actually from sin and guilt is the result of violations of the laws of God and refusal to acknowledge these sins. People who feel guilty because it brought on a fault or a sin, he suffered stress , anxiety and feelings of guilt . Realized it or not, every person in his will have a feeling of guilt. People who have repented even also experience feelings of sin and guilt realistic. So, in doing a wrong action, wrongdoer must deal with his guilt by making atonement, for example, by repentance and apology to the victim, and also by making reparation and penance. It is good for the victim to forgive a wrongdoer who has made some atonement, and that removes his guilt; but if the victim refuses to forgive despite substantial atonement, the wrongdoer's guilt disappears anyway. People have some responsibility to help others of the community to deal with their guilt, by encouraging them to apologize, and by helping them to make reparation but we are not guilty for the wrong acts of anyone else.
RESEARCH METHOD
Research methodology that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. In conducting the study, the descriptive qualitative method is applied and also uses a library research. The purpose of using the descriptive qualitative method is to obtain systematical description and accurate data which are dynamic, complex, and need very deep (Sugiyono, 2010: 399). The descriptive method of this study can be elaborated as below:
Data and Sources of Data
The data of this study used the Novel of Atonement, the eleventh book written by Ian McEwan and was published in 2001 as the main data in the analysis. Meanwhile, according to Arikunto in Afidah ( 2009: 27), the sources of data are grouped into three types. They are people, places, and papers. But, in this study the source of the data are obtained from the papers it is a novel by Ian McEwan as sources, in this case, mean that the data are obtained form of quotations, dialogues which indicate and represent aspect of slavery and the way it is expressed.
Data Collection
The method of collecting data, which is used in this study, is the library method. It does not use the statistic method. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. That is why it is not served in numbering or table. The kind of library research here are intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases and to analyze literary element both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the ideas of analyzing.
Data analysis
The final part of research methods was data analysis. It presents some steps how to analyze the data. Some steps of how the data is analyzed will be described as follows:
Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are three classifications is used to avoid the broad discussion. They are Briony’s behavior, Briony’s guilty, and Briony’s behavior causes her atonement.
Describing Briony’s behavior characterization, which is stated from the quotations and statements by using theory of characterization to be applied to the data.
Describing of guilty feeling. Quotations classified the guilty feeling that was done by main character in the novel.
Revealing the atonement of the gulity. In this case,the quotations that are showed and indicated the reason of atonement that was done by the main character and showed how the atonement type of the main character.
ANALYSIS
The first section is about describtion of Briony’s guilty feeling. Briony’s guilty feeling appear when she was to be adult. She conscious that she have ever did a guilt to someone. When Briony in 13 years old, Briony witnesses a moment of sexual tension between Cecilia and Robbie from afar. she misinterprets the sexual act as rape and believes Robbie to be a "maniac". Later on at a family dinner party, attended by Briony's brother Leon and his friend Paul Marshall, it is discovered that the twins have run away and the dinner party breaks into teams to search for them. In the darkness, Briony discovers her cousin Lola, apparently being raped by an assailant she cannot clearly see. Lola is unable or unwilling to identify the attacker, but Briony decides to accuse Robbie and identifies him to the police as the rapist, claiming she has seen Robbie's face in the dark. Robbie is taken away to prison, with only Cecilia and his mother believing his protestations of innocence.
From the part that was describe above, Briony was described as the young girl who is doing a wrong thing and really did a big guilt to Robbie. She did a crime to Robbie. She give a wrong witnesseth to the police.. ““She wanted the inspector to embrace her and comfort her and forgive her, however guiltless she was. But he would only look her and listen. It was him, I saw him, (McEwan, 2001:163). Although she actually knows, whose people that raped Lola, but she wants to Robbie whose became a subject of that crime to Robbie because she feel that Robbie is a man maniac that have to be punish. She told to the police that the ones of that criminal is Robbie “Robbie have been catched by two inspectors on Briony’s guilt of giving the wrong witnesseth”. (McEwan, 2001:173).
What was Briony did is realy the wrong thing, she became a lier who give a wrong witnesseth. After wrongly accusing an innocent man of a horrible crime, Briony must live with the guilty. She realize that what she was done was something that made pain to someone else. Robbie cathed by the police, so he will entered to the jail. He will get a lot of pain in the jail, he should to responsible from the raped’s accusation and he would not have to meet Cecilia, his lover. He really suffered from the guilt or wrong witnesseth of Briony. Actually, Briony find a guilty feeling in her life because she did a sins or did something wrong to another. According to Sigmund Freud, the guilty feelings may arise when individual violates some ideals or values of “superego” by responding the impulses from the “id”. It may be more accurate in Freudian theory to speak about a “guilty ego”. Whereas, as mention by Salzmann in John Banmen in the previous chapter, guilty feeling arises when individuals involved in illegal acts (Banmen 1988:79). In this case, Briony’s Guilty feeling appear after she realize that she did a sins that is became a lier and did something wrong about give a wrong witnesseth to Robbie and causing him brought a lot of pain.
That Briony’s guilty feeling was caused by doing sins. All off in the religious, did bad thing until made someone get suffer is one of sin and violation of the God that give an obligation to did good thing to someone else. Therefore, if have been seen by types of guilty feeling, Briony’s guilty feeling is the one of real guilty because she did something that violations of the God law. As mention by Narramor in previous chapter that the real guilty is guilty feeling because the actual violation of the law of God.
What Briony did to Robbie is a guilt thing. Guilt that made someone getting suffer and injustice. In this case, Briony’s guilty feeling is the type of social guilt. Like mentioned by Cavanagh (quoted by Al-Fitr RA., 2005), Social guilt is a fault which is psychologically and physically will cause injustice to others . It should be understood that the social dimension of the system will shed light on the value of the individual on how to behave in particular that will help others and behave in a certain way that would harm others.
Here, Briony really conscious about her guilt, the first Briony’s guilty feeling was depicted for desire to get an apology. Briony showed that she is really feeling guilt to Robbie , she is realized and feel anxiety about her wrong thing when she was a young, when she did not really thought about the pain that was happened into Robbie. Briony guilty feeling was realized when she was grow up becaming adult, she really found a guilty feeling in his life and actually she feel afraid for her bad and wrong thing. “She wanted the inspector to embrace her and comfort her and forgive her, however guiltless she was” (McEwan, 2001:163).
After she told to the police about the wrong witnesseth, she feel afraid and anxiety. Like the stated of Narramore, expresses real feelings of guilty is actually from sin and guilt is the result of violations of the laws of God and refusal to acknowledge these sins. People who feel guilty because it brought on a fault or a sin , he suffered stress , anxiety and feelings of guilt (Naramore,1981: 106).
Briony’s guilt to Robbie that cause Robbie catched by the police and entered to the jail. Robbie did not come back to Cecilia as his lover. He really disappointed with Briony’s guilt to him although it was happened in many years ago. Robbie’s experiences in the war. We follow Robbie on his retreat to Dunkirk. But, Briony’s guilty feeling was not stop with just feeling guilty and anxiety on her life. In this second part the guilty feeling of briony’s guilt also depicted.
By the time World War II has started, Robbie has spent 2–3 years in prison. He is then released on the condition of enlistment in the army to fight in war. Cecilia has trained and become a nurse. She cuts off all contact with her family because of the part they took in sending Robbie to jail. Robbie and Cecilia have only been in contact by letter.
Remorseful Briony has refused her place at Cambridge and instead is a trainee nurse in London. She has realised the full extent of her mistake, and decides it was Paul Marshall, Leon's friend, whom she saw raping Lola. Briony still writes, although she does not pursue it with the same recklessness as she did as a child.
This part of the story is also the first time we get to experience Briony as just a normal girl. We get to follow her and a friend when they have a day off sitting in the sun in a park listening to a band playing, cheerfully talking and laughing. This event makes her into a living human being, a young girl spending time with her friend, relaxing and having fun. It gives Briony another dimension, she changes from rigid character caught up in her own world and her writing and emerges as a warm, bright, young girl just like any other 18-year-old. In the end the event makes Briony feel guilty that they had fun at all because when they return to the hospital a convoy of wounded soldiers has arrived. The fact that they were laughing in the sunlight when others were suffering makes her feel guilty, just like she probably feels guilty throughout her life for enjoying it when Cecilia and Robbie cannot enjoy their lives.
In this parts, describe that Briony’s guilty feeling also depicted from the second parts of this novel. As a self punishment, Briony decides to give up all the luxuries of an upper-class life. No Cambridge, no fancy flat to live in, no traveling, no job at the ministry. Briony hopes that her duties as a nurse during the war will serve as some sort of penance towards her. Yet the cost of doing so, is a complete stripping of her identity--she fails to exist as "Briony"--with no will nor freedom to go back. Briony become a nurse to depicted her guilty feeling as describe in parts before.
This was her student life now, these four years, this enveloping regime, and she had no will, no freedom to leave. She was abandoning herself to a life of strictures, rules, obedience, housework, and a constant fear of disapproval. She was one of a batch of probationers--there was intake every few months--and she had no identity beyond her badge.(McEwan,2001:260)
Briony actually knows that her Sister really love to Robbie, but they could not get on together. She tried to do something good thing, may for get a penance. She tried to meet Robbie and Cecilia for a penance. How Briony get a penance or doing atonement will be explain letter in 3.2. The effort of Briony to get apologies, she won’t that the guilty feeling would continue haunt her forever in her life.
Described with Robbie on his retreat to Dunkirk and all that happens to him and his companions on the way there. Cecilia, who of course occupies his mind far more than Briony does, has sent him a letter telling him that Briony wants to change her statement and make him free, not just from prison but from accusation. This gets him thinking of her and of her motive for lying and sending him to prison. His only explanation is that the feelings she had for him when she was younger were still there when she read his letter to Cecilia on that day five years ago when she accused him of a crime he did not commit. Here Briony guilty feeling is showed, she wants to change her statement and make him free, not just from prison but from accusation. She sent a letter to Cecilia as the type of her apology, Cecilia thougth that Briony wants to get a penance. Like she said in her letter, “ she’s saying that she wants to be useful in a partical way. But I get the impression she’s taken on nursing as a sort penance. She wants to come and see me and talk” (McEwan, 2001:199).
Guilty feeling that was felt by Briony, made her to did a good thing. She became a nurse and wants to be useful, but actually that was the way to meet Cecilia and work in the Cecilia’s old hospital. After a crime that Briony did to Robbie Cecilia cut herself off from her family, “ she (Cecilia) would never speak to her parents, brother and sister again” (McEwan, 2001:192). It show that Cecilia really disappointed with Briony. Cecilia decided became a nurse far from her house. As told before about type of
EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK PAIR SQUARE BERBASIS QUIZLET TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS 8 MATA PELAJARAN AKIDAH AKHLAK DI MTS AL FALAH BANGILAN
Full text linkPenelitian ini membahas terkait efektifitas model pembelajaran think pair square berbasis quizlet terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas 8 MTs Al Falah Bangilan. Rendahnya kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa itu ditandai dengan minimnya partisipasi aktif siswa dalam pembelajaran dan lemahnya kemampuan menganalisis dan memecahkan masalah terkhusus dalam konteks nilai–nilai akidah dan akhlak, hal tersebut yang menjadi dasar latar belakang masalah penelitian ini. Model pembelajaran think pair square berbasis quizlet ini dipiih karena menggabungkan kerja sama dalam kelompok kecil dengan media digital serta interaktif yang dapat meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa secara aktif dalam proses pembelajaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif eksperimen dengan desain pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 8 MTs Al Falah Bangilan yang dibagi menjadi kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa kuesioner berpikir kritis yang disusun berdasarkan indikator berpikir kritis menurut Robbert Ennis. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji t-test untuk mengetahui perbedaan skor pretest dan posttest antara kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa yang cukup signifikan pada kelas yang menggunakan model pembelajaran thik pair square berbasis quizlet dibandingkan dengan kelas yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil analisis uji t-test yang menunjukkan nilai signifikansi 0,000 77,79 untuk kelas kontrol. Dengan demikian, model pembelajaran thik pair square berbasis quizlet itu efektif atau berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas 8 pada mata pelajaran Akidah Akhlak di MTs Al Falah Bangilan
Perencanaan Sistem Drainase Apartemen Puricity Surabaya
Full text linkAkibat adanya pembangunan maka akan terjadi perubahan tata guna lahan yang menyebabkan berkurangnya daerah resapan serta menimbulkan perubahan koefisien pengaliran (C). Menurut peraturan pemerintah nomor 26 tahun 2008 pasal 106 ayat 1 poin c menyatakan bahwa setiap bangunan yang mengajukan ijin pembangunan harus menerapkan prinsip zero delta Q. Yang dimaksud zero delta Q adalah setiap bangunan yang dibangun tidak boleh menyebabkan bertambahnya debit air ke sistem drainase atau sistem aliran sungai. Untuk itu diperlukan adanya suatu sistem drainase yang baik untuk mengatasi terjadinya luapan air akibat limpasan air hujan.
Perencanaan dimensi saluran diawali dengan menentukan curah hujan rata-rata maksimum selama 10 tahun dimulai dari tahun 2004 - 2014. Selanjutnya penentuan waktu konsentrasi (tc), perhitungan luas catchment area, dilanjutkan dengan analisa debit hidrologi dan hidrolika. Dengan Q hidrologi ≈ Q Hidrolika, didapatkan dimensi saluran. Limpasan air hujan dari saluran dialirkan dan ditampung di long storage apartemen.
Dari analisa dan perhitungan perencanaan, diperoeh dimensi dari saluran tersier dalam apartemen sebesar 0.5 m x 0.6 m dan dimensi saluran sekunder 0.7 m x 0.7 m. Adanya
pengoperasian pompa untuk mengeluarkan debit dari long storage apartemen menuju long storage Jimbaran dengan kapasitas 0.1 m3/dt. Terdapat pintu air dengan b = 0.7 m dan h = 1.0 m pada hilir long storage apartemen. Dengan td = 70 menit diperoleh H muka air maksimum pada long storage apartemen 1.537 m dengan sisa tinggi saluran 0.463 m.
Untuk analisa luar kawasan, ditambahkan pompa dengan alternative kapasitas 0.4 m3/s; 0.5 m3/s; 0.6 m3/s pada outlet di hulu long storage Jimbaran. Debit dialirkan keluar hanya menggunakan pompa. Tinggi muka air maksimum yang terjadi pada saluran long storage setelah mendapat tambahan debit dari limpasan apartemen sebesar 0.1 m3/s dengan penggunaan pompa 0.4 m3/s ;0.5 m3/s; 0.6 m3/s adalah 1.449 m; 1.499 m; 1.562 m. Dengan membuang debit dari long storage Jimbaran sebesar 0.4 m3/s atau 0.5 m3/s atau 0.6 m3/s pada outlet hulu, menimbulkan ketinggian muka air bagi saluran outlet sebesar 0,671 m atau 0.773 m atau 0.860 m.
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Due to the construction, there will be changes in land use and loss of catchment areas leading to the change of drainage coefficient (C). According Government Regulation No. 26 of 2008 Article 106 paragraf 1 point c states that any building proposing the construction permit must apply the principle of zero delta Q. Its means, any building should not lead to increased discharge of water into the drainage system or river system , It required a good drainage system to cope with the flood water due to runoff of rainwater. First step to planning channel dimension is determining the rainfall for a maximum of 10 years starting from 2004 - 2014. Furthermore, the timing of concentration (tc), area calculation catchment area, followed by analysis of hydrology and hydraulics discharge. With Q hydrology ≈ Q Hydraulics, obtained the dimensions of the channel. Surface runoff from apartement placed in an apartment long storage
The planning analysis and calculation results the tertiary channels dimension in the apartment equal to 0.5 m x 0.6 m and secondary channels dimension equal to 0.7 x 0.7 m. Pump operation discharges the long storage Jimbaran apartment to long
storage with a capacity of 0.1 m3 / sec. There is a sluice gate with b = 0.7 m and h = 1.0 m at downstream long storage. With td = 70 minutes, maximum water level H is obtained at 1,537 m long storage apartment with 0.463 m of channel height remaining.
For analysis of the outside area, a pump is added to the Jimbaran long storage Jimbaran with a altenative capacity of 0.4 m3/s; 0.5 m3/sec; 0.6 m3/sec at the outlet in the upper long storage. The maximum water level that occurs in the long storage channel after get an extra discharge of 0.1 m3/sec from apartment runoff with the use of pump with a capacity of 0.4 m3/sec; 0.5 m3/sec; 0.6 m3/sec is 1.449 m, 1.499 m or 1.562 m. By disposing the discharge from Jimbaran of 0.4 m3/sec; 0.5 m3/sec; 0.6 m3/sec in the upstream outlet, the water levels of the outlet channel is changed into 0.671 m or 0.773 m or 0.860
Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak lobak putih (Raphanus sativus L.) terhadap bakteri vibrio harveyi dan vibrio parahaemolyticus penyebab penyakit vibriosis secara in vitro
Full text linkIndo:
Vibriosis merupakan salah satu penyakit pada udang ataupun ikan yang diakibatkanoleh bakteri Vibrio sp. Bakteri vibrio sp. yang sering ditemukan menginfeksi udangadalah bakteri V. harveyi dan V. parahaemolyticus. Dampak negatif daripertumbuhan bakteri ini dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan dalam budidaya udang.Antibiotik dapat menyebabkan resistensi di kemudian hari, sehingga dipilihalternatif pengganti antibiotik yaitu penggunaan bahan alam lobak putih (Raphanussativus L.) sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahuiaktivitas antibakteri ekstrak lobak putih (Raphanus sativus L.) terhadap bakteri V.harveyi dan V. parahaemolyticus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitianeksperimental menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif. Perlakuan yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstrak lobak putih (Raphanus sativus L.)dengan 4 konsentrasi berbeda yaitu 100%, 80%, 70%, dan 60% yang dibandingkandengan antibiotik kloramfenikol. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini dapat diketahuidari Diameter Daya Hambat (DDH), Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) danKonsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) ekstrak lobak putih terhadap pertumbuhanbakteri V. harveyi dan V. parahaemolyticus. Hasil menunjukan terdapat senyawaantibakteri flavonoid terpenoid asam lemak dan glukosinolat. Diameter dayahambat antibakteri paling besar dihasilkan oleh konsentrasi 100% sebesar 9,637mmpada V. harveyi dan 11, 067 mm pada V. parahaemolyticus. KHM ditunjukan padakonsentrasi 80%. KBM ditunjukan pada konsentrasi 100%. Hasil analisismenunjukan ekstrak lobak putih (R. sativus L.) memiliki potensi sebagaiantibakteri.
Inggris:
Vibriosis is a disease in shrimp or fish caused by the bacteria Vibrio sp. The vibriobacteria that are often found infecting shrimp are V. harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. The negative impact of the growth of this bacteria can result infailure in shrimp cultivation. Antibiotics can cause resistance in the future, so analternative alternative to antibiotics was chosen, namely the use of naturalingredients from white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as an antibacterial. The aim ofthis research is to determine the antibacterial activity of white radish extract(Raphanus sativus L.) against the bacteria V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. Thisresearch is experimental research using descriptive quantitative methods. Thetreatment used in this research was white radish extract (Raphanus sativus L.) with4 different concentrations, namely 100%, 80%, 70%, and 60%, which werecompared with the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Data analysis in this study can beseen from the Diameter of Inhibitory Power (DDH), Minimum InhibitoryConcentration (MIC) and Minimum Antibacterial Concentration (MBC) of whiteradish extract on the growth of V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. Theresults showed that there were antibacterial compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids,fatty acids and glucosinolates. The greatest diameter of antibacterial inhibition wasproduced by a 100% concentration of 9,637 mm in V. harveyi and 11,067 mm in V.parahaemolyticus. MIC is shown at a concentration of 80%. MBC is shown at100% concentration. The analysis results show that white radish extract (Raphanussativus L.) has antibacterial potential.B.
Arabrio:
هو مرض يصيب الجمبري أو األسماك تسببه بكتيريا sp Vibrio. بكتيريا Vibriosp. التي غالبًا ما تصيب الجمبري هي البكتيريا harveyi .V وparahaemolyticu .V.نظيرة الحالة للدم. ومن الممكن أن يؤدي التأثير السلبي لنمو هذه البكتيريا إلى فشل زراعةالجمبري. يمكن للمضادات الحيوية أن تسبب مقاومة في المستقبل، لذلك تم اختيار بديل بديلللمضادات الحيوية، وهو استخدام المكونات الطبيعية من الفجل األبيض ). RaphanusL sativus )كمضاد للبكتيريا. الهدف من هذا البحث هو تحديد النشاط المضاد للبكتيريالمستخلص الفجل األبيض ).L sativus Raphanus )ضد البكتيريا harveyi .V و .Vparahaemolyticus. هذا البحث هو بحث تجريبي باستخدام األساليب الكمية الوصفية.العالج المستخدم في هذا البحث هو مستخلص الفجل األبيض )L sativus Raphanus. )بأربعة تراكيز مختلفة وهي ،%100 ،%80 ،%70 و،%60 والتي تمت مقارنتها مع المضادالحيوي الكلورامفينيكول. يمكن رؤية تحليل البيانات في هذه الدراسة من قطر القوة المثبطة)DDH)، والحد األدنى للتركيز المثبط )KHM )والحد األدنى لتركيز القتل )KBM )لمستخلص الفجل األبيض على نمو بكتيريا harveyi .V وparahaemolyticu.V. نظيرةالحالة للدم. أظهرت النتائج وجود مركبات مضادة للبكتيريا، فالفونيدات، تربينويدات، أحماضدهنية وجالكوسينوالت. تم إنتاج أكبر قطر لتثبيط مضاد للجراثيم بتركيز %100 منmm9,637 ملم في harveyi .V و mm11,067 ملم فيparahaemolyticu .V. ويظهرKHM بتركيز 80% . يظهر KBM بتركيز 100% . أظهرت نتائج التحليل أن مستخلص الفجلاألبيض ).L sativus Raphanus )له قدرة مضادة للجراثي
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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