1,720,981 research outputs found
Etiology, source and prevention of waterborne healthcare-associated infections: a review.
No full textThe purpose of this review is to discuss the scientific literature on waterborne healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) published from 1990 to 2012. The revision focuses on the aquatic bacteria and describes both outbreaks and single cases in relation to patients characteristics, settings, and contaminated sources. An overview of diagnostic methods and environmental investigations is summarized in order to provide guidance for future case investigations. Lastly, on the basis of prevention and control measures adopted, information and recommendations are given. A total of 125 reports were included, 41 of them describing hospitalized children. All cases were sustained by opportunistic pathogens, mainly Legionellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae. Hot water distribution systems were the primary source of Legionnaires' disease, bottled water was mainly colonized by Pseudomonaceae, and Burkholderiaceae were the leading cause of distilled and sterile water contamination. Intensive care unit was the most frequently involved setting but patient characteristics are the main risk factor, independently of the ward. As the microbes water contamination is difficult to be avoided and disinfection treatments may be insufficient to control the risk of infection, a proactive preventive plan should be put in place. Nursing staff should pay special attention to children and immunosuppressed patients to avoid tap water exposure, also for their personal hygiene, and to regularly use sterile water for rinsing/cleaning device
Hand hygiene in nursing and medical students during training: a study on knowledge, practices and impact on bacterial contamination.
No full textAim. To collect information about knowledge, behavior and hand hygiene (HH) practices in Italian nursing and medical students combining data with hand bacterial contamination before and after a morning training. Methods. A questionnaire designed to investigate knowledge on HH and its practical realization was administered to a casual sample of 100 nursing and 100 medical students attending our University. Data collected were associated with hand contamination measured at the entrance and exit of the turn of training. Results. All nursing students performed HH during training and the frequency was significantly higher compared to medical students, 39% of which declared not to have done it. At the end of training, hand contamination were significantly reduced in both groups, but more pronounced in nursing students. Scores on the HH knowledge were significantly related to HH practices and self-reported HH compliance and were significantly higher for nursing students. Students were also asked to give their opinion on HH knowledge acquired during the course and a significant increase of adequacy as the medical students progressed through their course was found. Discussion. Since the first year of their course, nursing students receive adequate knowledge and consequently apply HH practices during training activities, data confirmed by total bacterial count. Medical students get HH knowledge later and less attention is devoted to these practices also in relation to the reduced occasions of patient contact during their training. This suggested us to anticipate the Hygiene and Public Health teaching before the start of the training activity
Water contamination
No full textIn this current book, the authors have called attention to the issue of hospital infection control. They focus on basic learning and clinical guidelines in the ongoing effort for optimal control. The information provided will be helpful in reducing the burden of health-care associated infections
The Impossible Quest – Problems with Diligent Search for Orphan Works
Full text linkDigital technologies allow unprecedented preservation and sharing of world-wide cultural heritage. Public and private players are increasingly entering the scene with mass digitisation projects that will make this possible. In Europe, legislative action has been taken to allow cultural institutions to include in their online collections copyright works whose owners are either unknown or non-locatable (“orphan works”). However, according to the Orphan Works Directive, cultural institutions must attempt to locate the owner of a work before using it. This is the so-called “diligent search” requirement. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the conditions under which a diligent search can feasibly be carried out. The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Italy, all of which have implemented the Orphan Works Directive, have been selected as case studies. For each jurisdiction, this analysis determines what the requirements for a diligent search to locate copyright holders are, what the authoritative sources and databases to be consulted are in practice and, most importantly, to what extent these are freely accessible online. In doing so, our analysis provides insights into the two main issues affecting cultural heritage institutions: (1) how much legal certainty does the implementation provide, and (2) what is the practical burden of a diligent search. The analysis reveals that the jurisdictions have given different meanings to the term “diligent”. While the UK’s extensive guidance makes it unlikely that a search would not be deemed diligent, the search burden is onerous. On the other hand, Italy and especially the Netherlands have a lighter search burden, but in the absence of clear, definite guidance, the likelihood of accidental infringement by failing to meet the diligence standard is greater. In addition, all three jurisdictions have so far failed to take the accessibility of the sources into account, making the searches even more onerous than the numbers suggest at first sight. Therefore, it will be difficult for cultural institutions to clear the rights for their collections while fully complying with the requirements of the legislation. This article concludes that legislative action, official guidelines, or jurisprudence are needed to establish a different legal value of sources for a diligent search, with various degrees of optionality depending on data relevance and accessibility
Pratiche di igiene delle mani in studenti di medicina e infermieristica: conoscenze, adesione ed impatto sulla contaminazione batterica
No full textScopo dello studio è quello di valutare conoscenze, atteggiamenti e pratica sul campo inerenti l’igiene delle mani fra gli studenti di medicina e gli allievi infermieri che svolgono attività di tirocinio presso l’ospedale universitario di Modena. I dati raccolti sono stati associati al livello di contaminazione batterica delle loro mani misurata all’entrata e all’uscita dal reparto. A tal scopo sono stati valutati: carica batterica totale a 37°C, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ed enterobatteri. A fine attività, gli studenti coinvolti nello studio hanno compilato un questionario su dati personali, attività, opinioni e compliance al lavaggio delle mani. È stata rilevata una carica batterica totale più elevata all’ingresso rispetto all’uscita dal reparto, sia tra gli studenti di medicina che tra gli allievi infermieri, ma in quest’ultimo gruppo si è osservata una riduzione più rilevante associata ad una maggiore frequenza nella pratica del lavaggio delle mani comeconseguenza di più numerose opportunità. La modalità preferita era l’utilizzo dell’alcool gel messo a disposizione in tutto l’ospedale, e questa modalità si è dimostrata più efficace dell’acqua e sapone nel ridurre la contaminazione delle mani, anche se la più bassa carica batterica totale si registrava tra coloro che avevano utilizzato entrambi i metodi, eventualmente associati all’uso dei guanti. Alcune pratiche come il contatto con il fonendoscopio e le cartelle cliniche erano associate ad un incremento della contaminazione perché queste azioni non erano seguite dal lavaggio delle mani. Non sono stati rilevati batteri patogeni ad eccezione di due campioni colonizzati da Staphylococcus aureus. Le conoscenze sull’igiene delle mani e la corretta applicazione da parte dei tirocinanti può considerarsi buona anche se occorrerebbe una maggiore attenzione verso talepratica all’ingresso nel reparto
Bouncing Back from Oblivion: Can Reversionary Copyright Help Unlocking Orphan Works?
Full text linkThe importance and potential of mass digitization of cultural heritage institutions in Europe is well known, as also the stalemate created by the difficulty of clearing the rights of these works that are mostly out of commerce and whose right holder is not known or locatable. European legislators tried to address this stalemate by introducing a copyright exception for these so-called Orphan Works, which can be digitized and published after carrying out a Diligent Search. However, as the rules to implement this Diligent Search are quite demanding, and the sources to be consulted are largely inaccessible, cultural institutions struggle to get their collections out in the digital world, so that cay they can have a second life. Presumption of copyright ownership, moreover, make this picture even more blurry. After a work is created, it is delivered to a complex web of potential copyright transfers and attributions, which make the quest for rightsholders potentially endless. The reversion of copyright, which returns to the author under certain conditions (time lapse, inactivity of the publishers) adds complexity as it very much differs from country to country. The analysis of data from the EnDOW project in conjunction with ongoing and recent research (Towse 2018, Heald 2018, Dusollier 2014, Kretshmer 2012) shows that Reversionary Copyright, farm from being an outdated and scarcely useful tool (Bentley&Ginsburg 2010), has great potential to relieve the problem of Orphan Works, if correctly adjusted and interpreted
Copyright and Contract Law: Regulating User Contracts: the state of the art and a research agenda
Full text linkA number of doctrinal concerns have been expressed regarding user
contracts. To what extent do the terms of these licences depart from copyright
law? Are the rights they grant to the owner broader or more restrictive? Are
the entitlements of users, beneficiaries of copyright limits, hindered in some
form? While no comprehensive empirical study has been conducted to analyse
the different types of licensing agreements deployed on the market and their
impact on copyright limits, a body of theoretical legal literature exists on this
issue.
This Article provides an overview of the doctrinal debate on this topic, with
a particular focus on the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland,
and Portugal. The latter three countries are interesting for our discourse
because they have enacted legislation protecting copyright limits from contracts,
by declaring contractual clauses that override some copyright limits null and
void. This literature review is not only concerned with copyright exceptions to
the exclusive rights of the author, but all of copyright‘s limits, namely the idea-expression dichotomy, the originality requirement, the first-sale (or exhaustion)
doctrine, the extent of the economic rights, and the copyright term
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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