1,264 research outputs found
Clidemo naturalista (FGrHist 323 F 31-36)
No full textThis paper focuses on six fragments dealing with naturalistic
topics, that Aristotle and Theophrastus assign to Clidemus, without specifying
whether he is the attidographer or a namesake of him. After a brief
introduction (§ 1), the fragments are presented (§ 2): the first couple
concerns thunderbolts and sense perception, the others deal with the
botanical world. Afterwards, some clues about the issue of attribution are
investigated (§ 3), and it is concluded that we should not exclude that the
author can actually be the attidographer Clidemus, rather than someone
with his same name (§ 4)
La storia greca di età classica in Valerio Massimo (490-362)
No full textThe present
paper
aims at studying Valerius Maximus
’
presentation of Greek history between 490
and 362
an
d it is divided into three paragraphs. The first deals with the period from the Persian to the
Peloponnesian war, while the second with the ages of Spartan and Theban hegemony.
The third
paragraph
presents the conclusions of the
survey
,
focusing in
particular on
the chronological
distribution of the episodes treated (1),
on
Valerius Maximus
’
interests (2),
on his
evaluations about
the reported deeds and sayings
(3) and
on
the
much debated
problem of his sources (4).
The analysis of the
considered
pas
sages
is
grouped around some thematic
cores
, mostly concerning
characters con
sidered emblematic; more rarely
the attention is specifically focused on episodes that
do not have a reference to single personalities. Moreover, it is evident that Valerius Maxim
us chooses
to present facts and
protagonists not
much with the aim of illustrating fundamental events in Greek
history, but rather
on account
of their exemplarity, or rather their function of providing an example
(positi
ve or negative) related to the chapt
er
in which they are inserted. This is
the reason
why the
same historical figure not infrequently appears under different
chapters
and is sometimes presented
in a different light, with a favourable or
unfavourable bias
, depending on the context in which it
is set
(and, of course, on the source from which
Valerius Maximus
draws
the
exemplum
). The author, in
fact, seems to
produce
stand
-
alone
“
pills
” of history
and his work seems to acquire sense not so mu
ch
in the horizon of an overall
comparison be
tween the
Greek and Roman world
, but rather
in the
message that each of the
chapters
and each of the
exempla
wants to communicate
Baiton (BNJ 119)
No full textIl lavoro fornisce una traduzione e un commento dei frammenti tramandati del bematista Betone (FGrHist/BNJ 119), corredati di bibliografia aggiornata. Su Betone non abbiamo alcuna notizia, se non che fu uno dei bematisti che accompagnò la spedizione di Alessandro in Asia. L’unico passo che collega con sicurezza il suo nome a un titolo per la sua opera è il primo frammento, secondo cui esso sarebbe stato "Tappe della marcia in Asia"; non è nota una suddivisione in libri dell’opera. Gli interessi che emergono dai frammenti sono quelli tipicamente bematisitici: località, itinerari, distanze; tuttavia, si trovano anche notizie etnografiche e curiosità di natura taumasiologica (F 4, 5). Proprio questo aspetto paradossografico sembra essere una componente dell’opera del bematista, anche se non sappiamo quantificarne l’importanza; esso, tuttavia sembra almeno in parte collidere con la veste asciutta e con la finalità scientifica e informativa del testo. Le aree geografiche che vengono trattate nei frammenti sono tutte di asiatiche, evidentemente perché ricalcano le tappe della spedizione di Alessandro: soprattutto il Caucaso, la Partia, l’Ariana e l’India. I trasmissori dei frammenti sicuri di Baiton sono, in ordine cronologico, Strabone (che tuttavia attinge a sua volta da Eratostene, il che consente di risalire fino al III sec. a.C.), Plinio il Vecchio e Ateneo. Per Eratostene non si può escludere una lettura diretta del testo di Betone, mentre per Plinio e Ateneo pare più cauto ipotizzare una conoscenza indiretta, tramite una fonte intermedia
Tucidide di Melesia e il partito di opposizione a Pericle
No full text1. The main source on the opposition of Thucydides the son of Melesias to Pericles is Plut. Per. XI 1-2, the reliability of which has often been doubted by scholars because of the distance between the author and the events: thus, a preliminary examination of this text, both in historiographical (§ 2) and historical (§ 3) terms, is required.
2. In the passages of his Lives in which refers about Thucydides, Plutarch uses fourth century sources (above all Theopompus, but perhaps Ephorus and philosophers too) and, directly or indirectly, fifth century ones (like Stesimbrotus, Ion, the comedy). Besides, as can be inferred from Per. XIII 16, Plutarch carefully analyzes his sources and their historical reliability. Therefore, the author seems well documented and there is no need to reject his report.
3. Many sources (Thuc. VI 13, 1; Aristoph. Eccl., 296-298; FGrHist 328 F 140; Demosth. XVIII 143) suggest that it wasn’t unusual for the Athenians to gather in groups of similar political orientation in the assembly: therefore, what Plutarch tells about Thucydides of Melesias is confirmed by analogous situations and cannot be easily rejected.
4. Political groups could variously influence an assembly meeting: by interruptions and heckling; swinging the votes of the uncertain; trying to manipulate the assessment of the outcome of a cheirotonia.
5. Thucydides’ opposition of to Pericles, between 451/50 or 450/49 (Kimon’s death) and 444 or 443 (Thucydides’s ostracism), can be reconstructed from a few allusions in the sources, such as Plut. Per. XI-XIV, especially about the building program of the Acropolis; evidence can be also be inferred from Per. XXIII 1 and from Anaxagoras’ trial after Thucydides’ return from his exile.
6. (1) Can Thucydides’ group be termed “party”? In effect, despite what most scholars sustain, the careful examination of the requisites of the use of the term “party” and their unbiased application to the direct democracy of classical Athens provide no cogent reason for rejecting the term. (2) Why Thucydides’ opposition to Pericles failed? Although Thucydides’ debacle can be explained through various reasons, the most significant is perhaps that his opposition wasn’t secret and clandestine as that of 411 and 404 conspirators: since the demos was strongly attached to democracy, the nature of Thucydides’ opposition was destined to lead to failure
Clidemo di Atene
No full textKleidemos of Athens wrote, perhaps after 378/7, a Protogonia (or Atthis),
extending from mythical age up to 415 at least (§ 1-2). Several of the 27
sure fragments have been preserved by late lexicographers or erudites,
but approximately half of them are quoted by four 2nd century authors
(Harpocration, Athenaeus, Pausanias, Plutarch): it is disputed whether
any of those four scholars directly read Kleidemos’ original text; in my
opinion, at least Plutarchs probably did (§ 3). In any case, the main
debate about Kleidemos concerns political tendency: Jacoby and many
other scholars perceive a democratic bias in the preserved fragments,
whereas Harding and others oppose this interpretation. In effect a careful
reading of the historical fragments (mainly F 17-18 about Theseus; F
15 about Peisistratus; F 7-8 about Kleisthenes; F 21 about Themistokles;
F 22 about the battle of Plataea; F 10 about an omen against the departure
of the Sicilian expedition) suggests a democratic bias affecting
strictly historical passages, as well as a democratic interpretation of
events pertaining to mythical ages. Unfortunately it is impossible to
determine whether this democratic attitude was a peculiar, extensive
character of Kleidemos’ Atthis, or only episodic in its manifestation; nor
it is easy to understand what kind of democracy Kleidemos intended to
praise with his work, although he apparently appreciates a moderate
conduct in foreign policy, perhaps in a Thrasybulian manner (§ 4-5)
Osservazioni sulla trasmissione di Clidemo: Filodemo, Arpocrazione e Ateneo
No full textSi indaga su tre trasmissori di Clidemo: Filodemo, Arpocrazione e Ateneo
La fortuna di Milziade fra IV secolo a.C. e I d.C. Frammenti di una tradizione
No full textIl presente lavoro studia il ritratto di Milziade nelle fonti tra il IV sec. a.C. e il I sec. d.C.,
cioè dopo Erodoto e prima di Plutarco e della Seconda sofisitica. Dopo una breve introduzione
contenuta nel primo paragrafo, il secondo si sofferma sulle fonti di IV secolo: gli
oratori generalmente forniscono una presentazione elogiativa di Milziade, riabilitandone
l’immagine dopo la sua morte in disgrazia (par. 2.1); successivamente, viene analizzata la
sua presentazione in autori come Platone, Aristotele (par. 2.2) e Teopompo ed Eforo (par.
2.3). Il terzo paragrafo affronta le fonti relative al periodo tra il I sec. a.C. e il I d.C.: l’unica
fonte greca è Diodoro (par. 3.1), mentre abbiamo un buon numero di fonti latine, tra cui
Nepote, Cicerone, Seneca il Vecchio e Valerio Massimo (par. 3.2). Nel quarto paragrafo
sono analizzate alcune notizie isolate su Milziade, relative alla battaglia di Maratona (par.
4.1) o ad eventi ad essa successivi (par. 4.2) o ancora ad altri fatti (par. 4.3), allo scopo non
tanto di accertarne l’attendibilità storica, di solito piuttosto bassa, bensì di trarne deduzioni
sull’immagine di Milziade che l’autore voleva veicolare attraverso di esse. Il quinto e ultimo
paragrafo propone alcune considerazioni conclusive e osserva da un lato che è innegabile
una significativa riabilitazione di Milziade, dovuta sia alla propaganda cimoniana,
sia soprattutto alla nuova situazione internazionale che Atene si trovava a vivere nel IV
secolo, ma, dall’altro, che la sua immagine rimane almeno in parte controversa: sono attestate
posizioni critiche, come quella di Platone, e anche giudizi chiaroscurali, come quello
di Nepote, autore dell’unica biografia nota di Milziade.This paper focuses on the portrait of Miltiades in the sources between 4th cent. B.C. and
1st A.D., thus after Herodotus and before Plutarch and the Second sophistic. After the first
paragraph, devoted to an introduction to the issue, the second one considers sources of the
4th century: the orators usually praise Miltiades and therefore they rehabilitate his reputation
after he died in disgrace (par. 2.1); then his figure is analysed in authors like Plato,
Aristotle (par. 2.2) and Theopompus and Ephorus (par. 2.3). The third paragraph focuses
on the sources between 1st cent. B.C. and 1st A.D.: the only Greek-writing author is Diodorus
(par. 3.1), but we have a number of Latin sources, like Nepos, Cicero, Seneca the
Elder, Valerius Maximus and others (par. 3.2). In the fourth paragraph it is provided a list
of rare pieces of information preserved by the sources, concerning the battle of Marathon
(par. 4.1), the events after the battle (par. 4.2) and other episodes (par. 4.3): the aim of this
section is not to ascertain the reliability of these pieces of news, that is usually very low,
but to use them in order to understand which portrait of Miltiades these sources intended
to provide. The fifth paragraph offers final remarks and suggests that, notwithstanding
Miltiades’ rehabilitation, due both to Cimon’s propaganda and to the new conditions of
4th century Athens, his imagine remains at least partly controversial: criticisms are attested
(e.g. by Plato), but also ambivalent judgments, such as that of Nepos, who wrote the only
biography of Miltiades
Vanadium(v) oxoanions in basic water solution: A simple oxidative system for the one pot selective conversion of l-proline to pyrroline-2-carboxylate
No full textThe unprecedented, direct chemical oxidation of l-proline to pyrroline-2-carboxylate was achieved in water (pH 9-10) by means of NH4VO3/NH3or V2O5/MOH (K = Na, K), and the anion was fully characterized as ammonium or alkaline metal salts. Quantitative yield and higher atom economy performance were achieved with the latter system, the alkaline salts being more stable than the ammonium one. Different mixed valence V(iv)/V(v) compounds precipitated from the reaction mixtures depending on the nature of the employed base. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed according to DFT calculations. The analogous reaction of trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline with NH4VO3/NH3afforded pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid in 81% yield, while sarcosine underwent prevalent decomposition under similar experimental conditions. Instead, no reaction was observed with primary (glycine, l-alanine, l-phenylalanine) and tertiary α-amino acids (N,N-dimethyl-l-phenylalanine, N,N-dimethylglycine)
Microwave-Hydrogen Peroxide Assisted Anaerobic Treatment as an Effective Method for Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production from Tannery Sludge
No full textTannery sludge is disposed of in landfills as it is considered a special residue by the Italian legislation, creating pollution and waste. This paper aims at evaluating the performance of the anaerobic fermentation process to obtain short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from this waste. The assessment of the most appropriate conditions, in terms of pH, temperature, initial total solids (TSs) content, and application of oxidizing-thermal pretreatment has been developed. The batch test trials revealed that the combined microwave and hydrogen peroxide (MW-H2O2) pretreatment followed by thermophilic conditions gave the best results, in terms of the acidification yield (0.31 gCODSCFA/gVS0) and maximal SCFA concentration (above 26 g CODSCFA/L). In the tests conducted without pretreatment, the mesophilic temperature should be preferred since the acidification performances were comparable to or even better than their thermophilic counterparts. The SCFA composition analysis showed that in mesophilic fermentation, tannery sludge can generate up to 50% acetic acid (CODAc/CODSCFA), if previously pretreated (MW-H2O2). This research acts as a forerunner for the appropriate handling of this resource, to employ it for the development of a new tannery industry focused on a circular approach, rather than to simply dispose of it in landfills
Evolution of neuro-controllers for robots' alignment using local communication
No full textSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
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