281 research outputs found
HERMENEUTIKA OTENTISITAS HADIS M. MUSTOFA AZAMI
No full textThis article discusses Azami criticism to Ignaz Gholziher and Joseph Schacht. The author tries to integrate the relations of hermeneutics as a solution to solve the issues of Hadith authenticity, and its interconnected to psychology, that Azami position when criticizing the Orientalists, Joseph Schacht, based on the flow of his thought of isnaad. Then in reviewing hermeneutics, in general there are three dominant element is the relationship between (author), Text (text) and readers (reader). So the results of this analysis, the author is orientalist, Joseph Schacht Ignaz Goldziher. The Text is orientalist books, thoughts, opinions or their theories, in this case Joseph Schacht. The reader is referred Azami. The discovery of the authors that position Azami criticism included are the internal and external criticism, namely external criticism Azami focus lies in criticism of the Orientalists, he criticized Joseph from isnaad. And internal criticism, plays on historiography, he criticized the use of sciences related to hadith, such as ‘Ilm Tadwin al-Hadith, ‘Ilm Rijal al-Hadith, ‘Ilm Jarh wa ta\u27dil, Ulum al-Hadith, ‘Ilm al-Fiqh.Dalam tulisan ini dikaji Kritik Azami terhadap kedua orientalis yaitu Ignaz Gholziher dan Joseph Schacht. Penulis mencoba mengintegrasikan bagaimana hubungan hermeneutika sebagai solusi untuk memecahkan isu-isu otentisitas Hadis, dan aplikasi interkoneksinya seperti ilmu psikologi, bahwa posisi Azami ketika mengkritik terhadap orientalis yaitu Joseph, ia melihat berdasarkan alur pemikiran isnadnya. Kemudian dalam mengkaji hermeneutika, secara garis besar ada tiga unsur yang dominan yaitu hubungan antara (author), teks (text) dan pembaca (reader). Maka hasil dari analisis ini, author adalah orientalis yaitu Joseph Schacht, Ignaz Goldziher yang mana textnya adalah buku-buku orientalis, pemikiran, pendapat atau teori orientalis dalam hal ini Joseph Schacht, yang dimaksud reader adalah Azami. Penemuan penulis bahwa posisi kritik Azami termasuk berada dalam kritik internal dan eksternal, yaitu fokus kritik eksternal Azami terletak pada kritik terhadap orientalis, ia mengkritik Joseph dari isnadnya. Dan kritik internal, berposisi pada historiografi, ia mengkritik menggunakan ilmu-ilmu yang berkaitan dengan hadis, seperti ilmu tadwin al-hadis, ilmu rijalul hadis, ilmu jar wata’dil, Ilmu Hadis, ilmu Fiqih
Kajian Hadis Mustafa Azami Sebagai Kerja Hermeneutika (Analisis Kajian Sanad dan Matan Hadis dalam Studies in Hadith Methodologi and Literature Karya Mustafa Azami)
No full textyang tak terelakkan dalam kajian hadis. Dari sini penting disadari bahwa hermeneutika bukan hal baru, apalagi “sesuatu” yang berbahaya bagi kajian Hadis. Istilah ini memang bukan dari pemikir Islam. Namun secara subtansi, hermeneutika sebagai kerja kritis atas hadis (sanad dan matan) telah melekat di kalangan muslim klasik dan modern-kontemporer. Tulisan ini ingin membuktikan bahwa Azami sekalipun, yang dikenal ‘anti’ barat, secara subtansi melakukan kerja hermeneutika. Metode kajian hadis Azami, baik sanad maupun matan akan ditarik dalam diskusi hermeneutika hadis, yang dalam hal ini penulis akan menggunakan tiga unsur dasar dalam wacana hermeneutika, yakni author (perawi), teks (hadis) dan reader (Azami). Artikel ini akan menjawan tentag bagaimana dan sejauhmana metode pemikiran hadis Mustafa Azami dapat diposisikan sebagai kerja hermeneutika, dalam hal ini sebagai kajian kritis atas sanad dan matan hadis? Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Azami dalam kerja hermeneutika-nya senantiasa mengungkap diskusi keorisinalitas perawi (sanad) dan kerasionalitas matan dengan melakukan metode perbandingan. Argumen nalar digunakan dalam konteks menelusuri seputar fakta perawi, dan menentukan masuk akal atau tidaknya kandungan matan hadi
Matlab codes for "Refined Composite Multivariate Generalized Multiscale Fuzzy Entropy: A Tool for Complexity Analysis of Multichannel Signals"
No full textMultiscale entropy (MSE) is an appealing tool to characterize the complexity of time series over multiple temporal scales. Recent developments in the field have tried to extend the MSE technique in different ways. Building on these trends, we propose the so-called refined composite multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy (RCmvMFE) whose coarse-graining step uses variance (RCmvMFEσ2) or mean (RCmvMFEµ). We investigate the behaviour of these multivariate methods on multichannel white Gaussian and 1/f noise signals, and two publicly available biomedical recordings. Our simulations demonstrate that RCmvMFEσ2 and RCmvMFEµ lead to more stable results and are less sensitive to the signals’ length in comparison with the other existing multivariate multiscale entropy-based methods. The classification results also show that using both the variance and mean in the coarse-graining step offer complexity profiles with complementary information for biomedical signal analysis. We made freely available all the Matlab codes used in this study, including mvSE, mvFE, mvMSEµ, RCmvMSEµ, mvMFEµ, RCmvMFEµ, mvMSEσ2, RCmvMSEσ2, mvMFEσ2 and RCmvMFEσ2.mvSE: multivariate sample entropy
mvFE: multivariate fuzzy entropy
mvMSE_mu: multivariate multiscale sample entropy whose coarse-graining is based on mean
RCmvMSE_mu: refined composite multivariate multiscale sample entropy whose coarse-graining is based on mean
mvMFE_mu: multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy whose coarse-graining is based on mean
RCmvMFE_mu: refined composite multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy whose coarse-graining is based on mean
mvMSE_var: multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy whose coarse-graining is based on variance
RCmvMSE_var: refined composite multivariate multiscale sample entropy whose coarse-graining is based on variance
mvMFE_var: multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy whose coarse-graining is based on variance
RCmvMFE_var: refined composite multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy whose coarse-graining is based on variance
embd: multivariate delay embedded vector
Roeseliana azami subsp. minor Nadig 1961
No full text<i>Roeseliana azami minor</i> Nadig, 1961 <p>Figs. 2a, 2c, 2e, 2f, 3b, 3c, 5c, 5d, 5h, 5g, 5l, 7b, 7c, 7d, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f, 11, 22e, 22f, 22g, 23e, 23f, 24e, 24f</p> <p> Nadig, 1961. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesellsch, 34: 286 (<i>Roeseliana azami minor</i>); type locality and depository: Switzerland, Ticino, Piano Scairolo (MHNG, Geneva).</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. Switzerland, Ticino, Piano Scairolo (holotypus ♁) (MHNG); Italy, Lombardy, Adda river, South Olginate 14.VII.1960, A. Nadig (1♁, 1♀) (MfN); same data (1♁, 1♀) (NMP); Italy, Piedmont, Biella, Zumaglia (Ponte Rio) 10–16.VIII.1973, F. Capra (12♁, 24♀); Italy, Lombardy, Crema 11–12.VIII.1954, F. Capra & B. Baccetti (2♁, 2♀); Italy, Lombardy, surr. Pavia 5.VIII.1954, G. Domenichini (1♁); Italy, Lombardy, San Donato (Lodi) 21.VII.1950, G. Domenichini (1♁, 3♀); Italy, Lombardy, surr. Milano 1948, G. Domenichini (1♀); Italy, Lombardy, Arcisate (Varese) IX.1955, D. Guiglia (1♁, 1♀) (MSNG); Switzerland, Ticino Valley, Piano Scairolo 16.VI.1960, A Nadig (1♁, 1♀ paratypes); Italy, Piedmont, Leinì (Torino) IX.1972, G. Osella (2♀); Italy, Piedmont, Lombardore (Torino) 15.VIII.1970, G. Osella (1♀); Italy, Piedmont, Foglizzo (Torino) 28.VIII.1958 (1♀); Italy, Lombardy, Chignola Po, S. Colombano al Lambro (Lodi) 26.VII.1992 (1♁, 1♀) (MCR, coll. P. Fontana); Italy, Piedmont, Druento Gagliassotto (Torino) 18.VI.2009, P. Savoldelli & C. Segreto (1♁, 2♀); Italy, Piedmont, Pessinetto (Torino) 12.VII.2007, P. Savoldelli (1♀ holopterous) (PSPC); Italy, Lombardy, Ticino River, Linarolo, Ponte della Becca (Pavia) 16.VIII.2011, P. Fontana & P. Tirello (1♁, 3♀); same data 10.VIII.2016, R. Scherini (2♁, 3♀, of which 1 holopterous); Italy, Lombardy, Linarolo, Ospedaletto (Pavia) 9.VIII.2016, R. Scherini (3♁, 1♀) (BMPC); Italy, Lombardy, Torricella del Pizzo, Argine Maestro (Cremona) 3.VI.2020, F. Leandri (2♁, 1♁ holopterous, 1♀); Italy, Lombardy, San Daniele Po (Cremona) 15.VI.2020, F. Leandri (1♀); Italy, Lombardy, Motta Baluffi (Cremona) 5.VI.2020, F. Leandri (1♁); Italy, Lombardy, Castel Nuovo Bocca d’Adda, Golena del Po 5.VI.2019, F. Leandri (1♁, 1♀); Italy, Lombardy, Milan Baggio, Cava Ongari 23.VI.2020, F. Leandri (1♀); Italy, Lombardy, Gussola, Golena del Po (Cremona) 7.VIII.2021, F. Leandri (1♁) (coll. Leandri); Italy, Lombardy, Casanova del Morbasco (Cremona), 18.VI.2011, M. Bardiani (1♀) (coll. Bardiani); Italy, Lombardy, Rivalta sul Mincio, Rodigo (Mantova) 5.VIII.2021, M. Bardiani (1♁) (coll. Bardiani); Italy, Lombardy, Bosco Fontana, Marmirolo (Mantova) 26.VII.2019 (1♀), 2.VIII.2019 (1♁), 15.VI.2021 (1♁), M. Bardiani (CNBFVR); Italy, Lombardy, Riserva Naturale Le Bine, Acquanegra sul Chiese, 25.VI.2020, M. Bardiani & F. Leandri (1♁) (coll. Bardiani); Italy, Lombardy, Acquanegra sul Chiese, Valli di Mosio (Mantova) 10.VII.2020, M. Bardiani (1♁) (coll. Bardiani); Italy, Lombardy, Marcaria, Riserva Naturale Torbiere di Marcaria (Mantova) 17.VIII.2019, M. Bardiani (1♀ photographed), 23.VII.2020, M. Bardiani (1♁, 1♀ photographed); Italy, Lombardy, Marcaria, San Michele in Bosco (Mantova) 12.VI.2020, M. Bardiani (1♀) (coll. Bardiani); Italy, Piedmont, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Trontano, bivacco Alpe Mottac (1665m) 9.VIII.2022, M. Bardiani (1♁, 1♁ holopterous, 1♀); Italy, Piedmont, Santa Maria Maggiore, Alpe Vald di sopra (1385m) 10.VIII.2022, M. Bardiani (1♀); Italy, Piedmont, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Trontano, bivacco Alpe in La Piana (960 m) 8.VIII.2022, M. Bardiani (1♁); Italy, Liguria, Lago Agoraie di Mezzo, turbary, 1327 m, 20.VIII.2008, M. Bardiani, P. Cornacchia, P. Dallatana, S. Hardersen, G. Nardi (1♁) (CNBFVR); Italy, Lombardy, Chignola Po, S. Colombano al Lambro (Lodi) 27.VIII.1992 (3♀); Italy, Piedmont, Biella, Zumaglia 16.VIII.1963, F. Capra (1♁, 1♀) (MSNM); Italy, Lombardy, Passo Penice, between provinces of Pavia and Piacenza, 1150 m, 19.VIII.2017 (1♁, 1♀ photographed by R. Scherini); Italy, Lombardy, Motta Visconti (Milan) 7.VII.2018 (1♁, 1♀ photographed by R. Scherini); Italy, Lombardy, Riserva naturale Le Bine, Acquanegra sul Chiese (Mantova), 30 m s.l.m. 13.VI.2021 (7♁, 5♀), E. Rivalta (coll. E. Rivalta, Bologna).</p> <p> <b>Material examined from previous unknown populations</b>. Italy, Tuscany, Lake Accesa (Massa Marittima) 6.VIII.2014, P. Fontana (2♁); same data 7.VII.2016, P. Fontana (12♁, 2♀) (BMPC). Italy, Marche, Serravalle Di Chienti, P.no Colfiorito (Macerata) (758 m) 14–18.VIII.2009, G. Carotti (4♁, 6♀, of which 1 holopterous) (1♁, 1♀ in MCR, coll. F. Buzzetti, others in GCPC); Italy, Marche, Sefro (Macerata), Piano Montelago, Fonte Vino (900 m) 19–20.VII.2009, G. Carotti (3♁, 2♀) (GCPC); Italy, Emilia Romagna, Mirandola, loc. Mortizzuolo 10– 12.VI.2019 and 23.VI.2019, B. Massa, D. Campobello, M. Esposito (2♁, 1♁ holopterous, 1♀) (BMPC).</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. <i>R. azami minor</i> and <i>R. azami</i> are characterized by cut female subgenital plate. Nadig (1961) described it as subspecies of <i>R. azami</i>, followed by Harz (1969), Fontana <i>et al.</i> (2002), Coray (2004) and Massa <i>et al.</i> (2012). Others (Ĝtz 1969, Canestrelli 1981, Nadig 1987, Coray & Thorens 2001, Roesti & Keist 2009) have considered it a subspecies of <i>R. fedtschenkoi</i>, while differences are evident in the comparative descriptions of both taxa. More recently, Iorio <i>et al.</i> (2019) listed it as a valid species.</p> <p> This taxon is brachypterous, but some rare fully-winged males and females may be found (Table 2). Male titillators are similar to those of <i>R. azami</i>, but they appear slender and more curved; the female subgenital plate differs very little from that of <i>R. azami</i>. In addition, biometrical differences allow to separate it from <i>R. azami</i> (see paragraph on biometrics).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Domenichini (1955) recorded ‘ <i>Metrioptera azami</i> ’ (certainly referring to <i>R. azami minor</i>) in aquatic meadows between Sesia and Oglio rivers (Lombardy, Italy) and considered it widespread in Lombardy and Piedmont. In addition, he wrote that the specimens of <i>M. roeselii</i> quoted by Griffini (1893) from Paludi di Stura, Avigliana, Boves and Torino had also to be referred to ‘ <i>Metrioptera azami</i> ’ (see also Galvagni 2001); records of <i>Platycleis roeselii</i> by Bezzi (1891) from Pavia certainly have to be referred to <i>R. azami minor</i>. Ĝtz (1969) pointed out that this taxon lives in valleys with rivers. Nadig (1961, 1987, 1991) recorded it from Piedmont and Lombardy (Italy). Some Piedmont and Lombardy localities are reported by Fontana <i>et al.</i> (2002). Bardiani & Buzzetti (2010) recorded <i>R. azami</i> from Liguria, but likely it belongs to <i>R. azami minor</i>; indeed, some findings from Liguria, Piedmont and Aosta Valley are reported by Sindaco <i>et al.</i> (2012). Its habitats are humid zones as well uncultivated meadows. See also Tables 2 and 4.</p> <p> <b>Remarks on Italian populations from Northern Italy, Marche and Tuscany</b>. These populations show some morphological and biometrical differences from each other, but very probably other populations live in intermediate regions.</p> <p> <b>Northern Italy population (Lombardy, Piedmont and Emilia Romagna)</b>. Males of this population have only small spines at the apex of titillators and the female subgenital plate is similar to that of <i>R. brunneri</i>. The locality where this population was found lies ca. 100 kms far from the nearest site of <i>R. brunneri</i>, 214 from that of <i>Roeseliana</i> of Tuscany, 242 from that of <i>Roeseliana</i> of Marche, and ca. 50 from Lombardy known sites of <i>R. azami minor</i>.</p> <p> <b>Marche population</b>. Like the case of the population of Tuscany, that of Marche has male titillators similar to those of <i>R. brunneri</i> (but with more numerous spines), while the female subgenital plate is very similar to that of <i>R. azami minor</i>. Only one fully-winged female has been found to the present. Also, biometrics show differences of this population from the above cited taxa. Localities where this taxon was found are ca. 230 kms far from the nearest site of <i>R. brunneri</i>, 160 from that of <i>Roeseliana</i> of Tuscany, and ca. 290 from sites of <i>R. azami minor</i> of Lombardy.</p> <p> <b>Tuscany population</b>. Male titillators have spines from their base to the apex, similarly to <i>R. brunneri</i>, but the female subgenital plate is similar to that of <i>R. azami minor</i>. Biometrics show some differences from other populations, very probably depending on their isolation. Actually, the Tuscany population is known only from Lake Accesa, ca. 160 kms from the site of <i>Roeseliana</i> in Marche region, and ca. 230 kms from the nearest site of <i>R. azami minor</i> of Lombardy.</p>Published as part of <i>Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3)</i> on pages 364-365, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7859886">http://zenodo.org/record/7859886</a>
Requirement for STAT3 and its target, TFCP2L1, in self-renewal of naïve pluripotent stem cells in vivo and in vitro.
No full textWe previously demonstrated gradual loss of epiblast during diapause in embryos lacking components of the LIF/IL6 receptor. Here, we explore the requirement for the downstream signalling transducer andactivator of transcription STAT3 and its target, TFCP2L1, in maintenance of naïve pluripotency. Unlike conventional markers, such as NANOG, which remains high in epiblast until implantation, both STAT3 and TFCP2L1 proteins decline during blastocyst expansion, but intensify in the embryonic region after induction of diapause, as observed visually and confirmed using our image-analysis pipeline, consistent with our previous transcriptional expression data. Embryos lacking STAT3 or TFCP2L1 underwent catastrophic loss of most of the inner cell mass during the first few days of diapause, indicating involvement of signals in addition to LIF/IL6 for sustaining naïve pluripotency in vivo. By blocking MEK/ERK signalling from the morula stage, we could derive embryonic stem cells with high efficiency from STAT3 null embryos, but not those lacking TFCP2L1, suggesting a hitherto unknown additional role for this essential STAT3 target in transition from embryo to embryonic stem cells in vitro. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper
F-actin was unaffected by compressive stress.
No full text<p>(A) Live imaging of cells expressing azami green-actin under compressive loading. Numbers at upper right in images are relative time (min) from the onset of compressive loading. Scale bar is 50 μm. (B) Immunofluorescent imaging of F-actin in cells before and after induction of compression. We observed F-actin stained with MFP 488-phalloidin in cells before and after compressive strain. Scale bar is 5 μm. (C) Stress fiber thickness index in cells under compressive stress. By analyzing immunofluorescent images of F-actin, we assessed the thickness of F-actin in the form of stress fiber thickness index. The thicker actin filaments have a larger value of stress fiber thickness index. Image J software was used to estimate the thickness of F-actin. The stress fiber thickness index was calculated from 3 independent experiments including 60 individual cells. The results were presented as mean ± SEM.</p
A rare case of coexistence of Wegener’s granulomatosis and pulmonary tuberculosis with subsequent development of thrombosis of the cerebral veins
No full textAbstract Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), also known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, is an idiopathic systemic disease typically affecting the lungs, although other organs may also be involved. Case presentation A 28-year-old male was admitted to Baqiyatallah university hospital in Teheran (Iran) after a 3-week history of fever and productive cough. The patient gradually developed fatigue, arthralgia, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, hemoptysis, weight loss, oliguria and then anuria. Chest-X-ray (CXR) and computerized tomography scan revealed cavitating nodular opacities in the right lung lobe. Furthermore, plasma creatinine increased from 2.2 to 4 mg/dl in a few days. Histopathological examination of kidney biopsy revealed peri-glomerular and peri-vascular inflammation, degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelial lining, red blood cell casts, distorted glomerular structure, fibrin thrombi, segmental breaks of the glomerular basal membrane, disruption of Bowman's capsular membrane and crescent formation of the affected glomeruli. An abnormal CXR, an abnormal urinary sediment and a typical kidney histology were used as criteria to diagnose glomerulonefritis with poliangiitis (GPA). Bronchoalveolar lavage smear and PCR turned out positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis. After 3 months of treatment for (GPA) and tuberculosis the patient developed headache and seizure. Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Venography revealed cerebral venous thrombosis of the sinus transverse and sigmoid. Conclusions Tuberculosis may coexist with GPA, as it occurred in our patient. Since a crescentic glomerulonephritis can progress to renal failure, clinicians should always be aware of potential multiple conditions when considering differential diagnoses
FIGURE 23. Roeseliana males. a in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation
No full textFIGURE 23. Roeseliana males. a) R. ambitiosa, Macedonia (photo: M. Lemonnier-Darcemont); b) R. ambitiosa, Greece (photo: F. Rutschmann); c) R. brunneri, Friuli, Italy (photo: F. Tami); d) Roeseliana n. sp. Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont, in press, Greece (photo: M. Lemonnier-Darcemont); e) R. azami minor, Lombardy, Italy (photo: R. Scherini); f) R. azami minor, Marche, Italy (photo: G. Carotti); g) R. oporina, Spain (photo: R. Kleukers); h) R. azami, France (photo: V. Derreumaux).Published as part of Massa, Bruno, Tagliavia, Marcello, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Fontana, Paolo, Carotti, Giovanni, Bardiani, Marco, Leandri, Fausto, Scherini, Roberto & Verde, Gabriella Lo, 2023, A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic genus Roeseliana (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Platycleidini): a case of ongoing Mediterranean speciation, pp. 351-400 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on page 392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/785988
Prevalence of Dyspepsia in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
No full textBackground: Dyspepsia is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal problem. The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of dyspepsia in Iran. Methods: The present study was registered at PROSPERO with the code CRD42019148610. It was carried out based on MOOSE and reporting was performed according to the PRISMA protocol. Systematic search of the literature was performed in July 2019 on international databases of PubMed/Medline, Web of Science (ISI), Cochrane Library, EBSCO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, and local databases as well as the Google Scholar search engine. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I-2 and Chi-square tests. All analyses were done using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: Overall, 14 studies with a sample size of 54,118 subjects entered in this meta-analysis. The prevalence of dyspepsia in Iran was 14.6 (95 CI: 9.6-21.7). Large heterogeneity was detected among studies (I-2 = 99.62, P < 0.001). The prevalence of dysmotility-like, ulcer-like, and unspecified dyspepsia was estimated to be 9.7 (95 CI: 4.9-18.4), 12.1 (95 CI: 5.2-25.7) and 17.0 (95 CI: 7.8-33.4), respectively. The prevalence of dyspepsia in Iranian men and women was found at 11.1 (95 CI: 6.3-18.8) and 17.8 (95 CI: 10.0-29.7), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of dyspepsia in Iran is relatively high. However, it is lower than global estimates. Keywords: Dyspepsia, Iran, Meta-analysis, Prevalence Cite this article as: Karimian M, Ranjbar R, Salamati M, Adibi A, Kazemi F, Azami M. Prevalence of dyspepsia in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Active site loop dictates the thermodynamics of reduction and ligand protonation in cupredoxins
No full textThe thermodynamics of reduction and His ligand protonation have been determined for a range of loop-contraction variants of the electron transferring type 1 copper protein azurin (AZ). For AZPC, in which the native C-terminal loop containing the Cys, His and Met ligands has been replaced with the shorter sequence from plastocyanin (PC) and AZAMI. in which the even shorter amicyanin (AMI) loop has been inserted, the thermodynamics of reduction match those of the protein whose loop has been introduced which are different to the values for AZ. The enthalpic contribution to His ligand protonation, which is not observed in AZ, is similar in AZAMI and AMI. The thermodynamics of this process in AZPC are more dissimilar to those for PC. In the case of AZAMI-F, a variant possessing the (non natural) minimal loop that can bind a type 1 copper site, the reduction thermodynamics are intermediate between those of AZPC and AZAMI, whilst the thermodynamic data for His ligand protonation are very similar to those for AMI. The results for AZAMI and AZPC are primarily due to protein based enthalpic effects related to the interaction of the metal with permanent protein dipoles from the loop, and to the decreased loop length which favors His ligand protonation in the cuprous proteins. Entropic factors related to loop flexibility have little influence because of constraints imposed by metal coordination and the fact that the introduced loops pack well against the AZ scaffold. Thus, the host scaffold in general plays a minor thermodynamic role in both processes, although for AZAMI-F differences in the first and second coordination spheres influence the thermodynamics of reduction. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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