1,721,027 research outputs found
Pesticide exposure assessment in rice paddy areas: A Japanese perspective
No full textLocated in the east end of the temperate Asian monsoon area, Japan has an annual precipitation of 1750mm. Currently, agricultural land in Japan shares only about 13% of the total land area. Of the total agricultural land of 4.8 million hectares, paddy fields (including non-rice paddy) account for about 54%, followed by 25% of upland field, 13% of pasture, and 7% of orchards in 1997 (Hosoya, 2001)
Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
No full textHuman Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) are well-established regulatory and scientific research fields that support regulatory decision-making in the European Union (EU) and are undergoing constant development. HHRA and ERA are crucial steps for reaching the objectives of Europe 2020, a strategy put forward by the Commission that sets out a vision of Europeâs social market economy for the twenty-first century. This chapter aims to describe the basic principles, the evolution and the future challenges of HHRA and ERA. The first part defines HHRA and ERA and describes the origins of risk assessment and management procedures at an international level. The precautionary principle has always been present in the European Union policies that aim to protect health and the environment. In the second part, current approaches that characterise risk assessment, such as the tiered approach, are presented. In the future, the implementation of recent scientific developments for the construction of integrated exposure scenarios models is of paramount importance to improve environmental and health risk assessment schemes. Moreover, the evaluation of uncertainties in the modelling inputs and outputs and the sensitivity analysis are two key elements to optimise current HHRA and ERA procedures
Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
No full textThe assessment of bioaccumulation processes plays a significant role in the evaluation of chemical risks. The awareness of long-lasting and often irreversible effects of bioaccumulative chemicals on ecological and human targets encouraged the inclusion of bioaccumulation assessment in many national and international legislative frameworks. At the same time, various experimental and modelling approaches have been developed to estimate bioaccumulation metrics such as the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) or the biomagnification factor (BMF). In this chapter, the main processes governing bioaccumulation phenomena in selected aquatic organisms (phytoplankton, invertebrate and fish) and in terrestrial mammals are described, in particular those implemented in the corresponding models available in MERLIN-Expo tool for exposure assessment. The main objective is to describe the development of bioaccumulation models for organic and inorganic contaminants which takes into account recent progresses and which satisfactorily describes bioaccumulation of contaminants along food webs including phytoplankton, invertebrate and fish species for surface waters, and mammals for terrestrial systems, and also allowing dynamic and stochastic assessment according to MERLIN-Expo modelling features. The coupling of different aquatic biota models allows to recreate aquatic food web of different dimensions and complexity, while the coupling of terrestrial mammal model with plant models available in MERLIN-Expo permits to simulate the transfer of contaminants along simplified terrestrial food chains
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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