100 research outputs found
Is play with sex-appropriate toys related to intelligence in 3-year-olds?
No full textIt is well established that by 18 months, children prefer to play with toys that are culturally appropriate for their gender (Liss, 1983; Caldera, Huston, & O’Brien, 1989). It is also pretty well established that play provides children with opportunities to learn and practice cognitive and social skills (Caldera, Huston, & O’Brien, 1989; Caldera, Culp, O’Brien, Truglio, Alvaraz, & Huston, 1999). The relation between sex-typed toys and cognitive development, however, has not been established.
The current study was conducted to investigate this relation in 36-month-old children. In addition, this study explored factors that may contribute to mothers’ providing sex-typed toys to their children. This was tested with Mexican American (MA) mothers who might adhere to traditional gender roles. Forty-seven MA mothers with a 3-year-old child were visited at home and asked to name the number and types of toys their children had. Mothers also filled out questionnaires regarding adherence to traditional gender roles, acculturation, engagement in traditionally feminine child care and household chores. In addition, the children were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development by a trained research assistant in order to asses their cognitive development (MDI score)
CALDERA: a scientific drilling concept to unravel Connections Among Life, geo-Dynamics and Eruptions in a Rifting Arc caldera, Okataina Volcanic Centre, Aotearoa New Zealand
No full textAbstract. Silicic caldera volcanoes present major volcanic and seismic hazards but also host dynamic hydrothermal and groundwater systems and a rich but largely unexplored subsurface biosphere. Many of these volcanoes are hosted in rift settings. The intricate connections and feedbacks among magmatism, rifting, hydrothermal processes, and the biosphere in these complex systems remain poorly understood, necessitating subsurface joint observations that are only enabled by scientific drilling. The CALDERA (Connections Among Life, geo-Dynamics and Eruptions in a Rifting Arc caldera) project workshop funded by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) gathered multi-disciplinary international experts in January 2023 to advance planning of a scientific drilling project within one of these dynamic, rift-hosted calderas, the Okataina Volcanic Centre (OVC), Aotearoa New Zealand. The OVC's high eruption rate, frequent unrest events and earthquake swarms, location in a densely faulted rapidly extending rift, abundant groundwater–geothermal fluid circulations, and diverse surface hot spring microbiota make it an ideal location for exploring a connected geo-hydro-biosphere via scientific drilling and developing a test bed for novel volcano monitoring approaches. Drilling configurations with at least two boreholes (∼ 200 and ∼ 1000–1500 m deep) were favoured to achieve the multi-disciplinary objectives of the CALDERA project. Decadal monitoring including biosphere activity and composition has the potential to evaluate the response of the hydro-bio system to volcano-tectonic activity. In addition to the OVC caldera-scale datasets already available, site surveys will be conducted to select the best drilling locations. The CALDERA project at the OVC would provide, for the first time, an understanding of volcanic–tectonic–hydrological–biological connections in a caldera–rift system and a baseline for global comparisons with other volcanoes, rifts, and hydrothermal systems. CALDERA would serve as an unprecedented model system to understand how and how quickly the subsurface biosphere responds to geologic activities. Discoveries will improve assessment of volcanic and seismic hazards, guide the sustainable management and/or conservation of groundwater and geothermal resources and microbial ecosystems, and provide a forum for interweaving mātauranga Māori and Western knowledge systems.
</jats:p
Chronostratigraphy, composition, and origin of Ni-rich spinel from the Late Eocene Fuente Caldera section in Spain: One impact or more?
No full textInternational audienceHere we report on the stratigraphic distribution and chemical composition of Ni-rich spinel, a specific mineral tracer of meteorite impacts, in the Fuente Caldera section in Spain. A major peak in spinel abundance is observed in a biostratigraphic interval defined by the last occurrence of the planktic foraminifera Porticulasphaera semiinvoluta and the first occurrence of the planktic foraminifera Turborotalia cunialensis. Two other peaks of lower abundances are observed higher up in the same biostratigraphic interval, but geochemical considerations suggest that they likely originate from redeposition by turbiditic currents. Biostratigraphic correlations with the global stratotype section and point for the Eocene/Oligocene boundary of Massignano in Italy give an age of 35.4 ± 0.2 Ma (1σ) for the major peak. This age is indistinguishable from the age of the impact horizon at Massignano (35.5 ± 0.2 Ma) and within the age uncertainties for the Popigai (35.7 ± 0.2 Ma) and Chesapeake Bay (35.5 ± 0.5 Ma) craters. The Fuente Caldera spinel, as the Massignano spinel, is assumed to be a relic mineral of microkrystites, which are believed to derive from a unique source related to the Popigai impact crater. The morphologies and Cr compositions of the Fuente Caldera and Massignano spinel crystals are markedly different, however: the Fuente Caldera spinel occurs mostly as octahedral and skeletal crystals with 85% of the grains belonging to the Cr-rich magnetite series and 15% to the Fe-rich chromite series, whereas the Massignano spinel occurs mostly as dendritic crystals with 90% of the grains belonging to the Cr-poor magnetite series. It is unlikely that these differences are the result of post-depositional alteration processes because the compositions of the crystals, as well as their morphologies, are in general very similar to those reported for primary spinel crystals, i.e., spinel crystals present in meteorite fusion crust or synthetized from meteoritic material. In addition, spinel crystals have quite homogeneous compositions except for a few grains (<10%) showing Cr zonations, but these are assigned to primary crystallization processes. One possible explanation that is consistent with a single impact event producing spatial variations in spinel compositions and morphologies is that microkrystites are locally generated by the ablation in the atmosphere of impact debris. An alternative explanation is that Fuente Caldera and Massignano microkrystites derive from two closely spaced impact events, which however requires another, so-far unknown source crater for microkrystites
Heat flow and near-seafloor magnetic anomalies highlight hydrothermal circulation at Brothers volcano caldera, southern Kermadec arc, New Zealand
No full textAuthor Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 46(14), (2019): 8252-8260, doi: 10.1029/2019GL083517.Brothers volcano is the most hydrothermally active volcano along the Kermadec arc, with distinct hydrothermal fields located on the caldera walls and on the postcollapse volcanic cones. These sites display very different styles of hydrothermal activity in terms of temperature, gas content, fluid chemistry, and associated mineralization. Here we show the results of a systematic heat flow survey integrated with near‐seafloor magnetic data acquired using remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles. Large‐scale circulation is structurally controlled, with a deep (~1‐ to 2‐km depth) central recharge through the caldera floor and lateral discharge along the caldera walls and at the summits of the postcollapse cones. Shallow (~ 0.1‐0.2 km depth) circulation is characterized by small‐scale recharge zones located at a distance of ~ 0.1–0.2 km from the active vent sites.We thank the Captains and crews of the R/V Sonne, Thompson, and Tangaroa and the engineers from Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution and MARUM for the successful operation of ABE, Sentry, Quest 4000, and Jason. The heat flow data surveys were funded by NSF grant OCE‐1558356 (PI Susan Humphris) and a grant from the German Ministry for Education and Research BMBF, project no. 03G0253A (PI Andrea Koschinsky). Funding from the New Zealand Government (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment) helped enable this study. This paper was significantly improved by the comments from the Editor Rebecca Carey and from two unknown reviewers. The data used in this paper can be downloaded from the U.S. Lamont‐Doherty MGDS database.2020-01-1
Geology of the late Pliocene - Pleistocene Acoculco caldera complex, eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Mexico)
No full textWe present a new 1:80,000-scale geologic map of the Acoculco caldera (Ac) located between the states of Puebla and Hidalgo in eastern México. The map, encompassing an area of 856 km2, is grounded on an ArcMap data set and is supported by nine new 40Ar/39Ar dates. The caldera lies upon Cretaceous limestones and Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks (13–3 Ma). The caldera consists of 31 lithostatrigraphic units formed between 2.7 and 0.06 Ma that include a wide variety of volcanic landforms (cinder cones, lava domes). The caldera has a semi-circular shape (18–16 km) bounded by the Atotonilco scarp to the north, the NW–SE Manzanito fault to the west, and scattered vents to the east and southern parts. The distribution of the Acoculco ignimbrite, the lithic breccia, and lacustrine sediments define the caldera ring fault. Late Pleistocene activity and pervasive hydrothermal alteration suggest a high geothermal potential in the area. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Journal of MapsThis study was funded by Grant 207032 of the Centro Mexicano de Inovación en Energía Geotérmica (CeMIE Geo) project P15 to J.L. Macías. JM is grateful for the MECD (PRX16/00056) grant.Peer reviewe
The Guanajuato resurgent graben caldera, Sierra Madre Occidental, central México: Revised volcanic stratigraphy and geologic evolution
No full textThe Guanajuato Mining District of central Mexico is one of the main silver and gold deposits in the world. It is in the State of Guanajuato in the southern part of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) volcanic province. The mining district developed within a mid-Tertiary volcano-sedimentary sequence that includes thick alluvial-fan deposits accumulated in a tectonic basin during the Eocene-Oligocene named the Guanajuato Red Conglomerate and an overlying volcanic sequence mostly pyroclastic of Oligocene age. The mid-Tertiary stratigraphy of Guanajuato is revised and reinterpreted in the light of new fieldwork and U-Pb ages, which document a close timing between all units of the volcanic succession at the top of the Guanajuato Red Conglomerate. This sequence is made of pyroclastic density current deposits formed during episodic events from the Guanajuato caldera. A new nomenclature of the caldera's units is proposed; the Guanajuato Caldera Volcanic Group, which includes the Guanajuato Pyroclastic Formation represented by the Loseros PDC deposits and the Bufa-Calderones ignimbrites emplaced around 32.8 ± 0.2 Ma, and the post-collapse lava domes of El Rodeo and Chichíndaro formations emplaced at 31-30 Ma. Apparently, a resurgent pulse of the caldera uplifted the collapsed intra-caldera blocks, so that the caldera floor is now exposed. The caldera collapse was controlled by the pre-existing normal faults inherited from the previous tectonic basin; thus, it is classified as a graben-type caldera, with a square shape and a size of 15 × 16 km. By comparison with other similar calderas of Mexico, the Guanajuato caldera is another case study of graben-type calderas of the SMO coinciding with mineral districts, such as Bolaños (Jalisco).We thank Carlos Ortega for his assistance in zircon U-Pb dating at Instituto de Geociencias (IGC) of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), and to Juan Tomás Vásquez for the elaboration of thin sections also at the IGC-UNAM. We acknowledge the careful review of this work by the anonymous referees and Prof Olivier Lacombe, Geological Magazine’s editor, whose comments improved the manuscript. This study was possible thanks to the DGAPA-PAPIIT-UNAM grants IN112312 and IN108621 to the first author, and a scholarship from the first project to Mariana Coutiño-Taboada, to the DGAPA-PAPIME-UNAM grants PE101816 and PE102419, and to grants from the International Academic Interchange Program of the Coordinación de la Investigación Científica - CIC-UNAM in 2021, 2022 and 2023. We also thank to the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España for the grant PID2020-114273GB-C21, MACIN Project.Peer reviewe
Dendrohyrax dorsalis Fraser 1851
No full textDendrohyrax dorsalis dorsalis (Fraser, 1854) Equatorial Guinea, Bioko. Moka: 3°20′N, 8°40′E (A.P., L.A., 1997) (N = 2). Gran Caldera de Luba: 3°21′N, 8°31′E (D.S., T.B., 1990) (N = 10).Published as part of Oates, John F, Woodman, Neal, Gaubert, Philippe, Sargis, Eric J, Wiafe, Edward D, Lecompte, Emilie, Dowsett-Lemaire, Françoise, Dowsett, Robert J, Gonedelé Bi, Sery, Ikemeh, Rachel A, Djagoun, Chabi A M S, Tomsett, Louise & Bearder, Simon K, 2022, A new species of tree hyrax (Procaviidae: Dendrohyrax) from West Africa and the significance of the Niger-Volta interfluvium in mammalian biogeography, pp. 527-552 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (2) on page 551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab029, http://zenodo.org/record/635210
The Ilopango caldera complex, El Salvador: Stratigraphic revision of the complete eruptive sequence and recurrence of large explosive eruptions
No full textIlopango caldera erupted episodically at least 13 tuff-forming eruptions with a minimum estimate volume of 1–5 km 3 DRE per eruption, reaching up to 150 km 3 DRE for the first caldera-forming eruption. All tuffs are of dacitic-rhyolitic composition. The complete pyroclastic sequence spans a range in time from 1.785 to 0.0015 Ma, and based on stratigraphy and geochronology constraints can be divided into three formations: the Comalapa, Altavista and Tierras Blancas formations. In this work, we focus on the members of the newly described Altavista Formation (middle part of Ilopango caldera volcanic sequence), which consist of six consolidated pyroclastic deposits or tuffs. Each tuff corresponds to a specific eruption followed by a period of quiescence during which soil beds were developed on the deposits. The ages of the Altavista Formation ranges from 918 to 257 ka, based on new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, U/Pb-zircon, and U/Th-zircon analyses. The tuffs of this formation show similar characteristics in mineralogy and composition. They are calcalkaline, rhyodacitic tuffs, with plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and hornblende. From field mapping and descriptions of the deposits, we have inferred the eruptive styles that include pumice fallouts, pyroclastic density currents and also hydromagmatic explosions. The common vent in all tuffs was the Ilopango caldera and each member of the Altavista Formation could correspond to a caldera collapse event, except for one of the six eruptions. The volume of each member was estimated to be >30 km 3 DRE, which is the same order of magnitude than that estimated for the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption at about 1,500 B. P, and smaller than those of the ignimbrites of the Comalapa Formation, the first three members of the Ilopango caldera reported previously. The tuffs of the Altavista Formation are visible up to 15–20 km away from the caldera's topographic margin. The recurrence interval of large explosive events at the Ilopango caldera was established by integrating the stratigraphic and geochronologic data of all 13 ignimbrites and pumice fallouts erupted from Ilopango caldera since the first one at 1.78 Ma to the last explosive event (TBJ). © 2019 Elsevier B.V.This study was financed by CONACYT-CB grant 240447 to GJAD. We appreciate the logistical support of the Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales – MARN, and of the Policia Nacional Civil – PNC, of El Salvador. We thank the doctoral scholarship grant to the first author from CONACYT-Mexico.Peer reviewe
3.48 Ga Dresser Formation (Pilbara, Western Australia)
No full textDynamic sedimentary processes are a key parameter for establishing the habitability of planetary surface environments on Earth and beyond and thus critical for reconstructing the early evolution of life on our planet. This paper presents a sedimentary section from the ca 3.48 Ga Dresser Formation (Pilbara Craton, Western Australia) that contains high-energy reworked sediments, possibly representing the oldest reported tsunami deposit on Earth to date. Field and petrographic evidence (e.g. up to 20 cm large imbricated clasts, hummocky bedding, Bouma-type graded sequences) indicate that the high-energy deposit represents a bi-directional succession of two debrite–turbidite couplets. This succession can best be explained by deposition related to passage and rebound of tsunami waves. Sedimentary processes were possibly influenced by highly dense silica-rich seawater. The tsunami was probably triggered by local fault-induced seismic activity since the Dresser Formation was deposited in a volcanic caldera basin that experienced syndepositional extensional growth faulting. However, alternative triggers (meteorite impact, volcanic eruption) or a combination thereof cannot be excluded. The results of this work indicate a subaquatic habitat that was subject to tsunami-induced high-energy disturbance. Potentially, this was a common situation on the early Archaean Earth, which experienced frequent impacts of extraterrestrial bodies. This study thus adds to the scarce record of early Archaean high-energy deposits and stresses the relevance of high-energy depositional events for the early evolution of life on Earth
The importance of shallow hydrothermal island arc systems in ocean biogeochemistry
No full textHydrothermal venting often occurs at submarine volcanic calderas on island arc chains, typically at shallower depths than mid–ocean ridges. The effect of these systems on ocean biogeochemistry has been under-investigated to date. Here we show that hydrothermal effluent from an island arc caldera was rich in Fe(III) colloids (0.02–0.2 µm; 46% of total Fe), contributing to a fraction of hydrothermal Fe that was stable in ocean water. Iron(III) colloids from island arc calderas may be transferred into surrounding waters (generally 0–1500 m depth) by ocean currents, thereby potentially stimulating surface ocean primary productivity. Hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxide particles (>0.2 µm) were also pervasive in the studied caldera and contained high concentrations of oxyanions of phosphorus (P), vanadium (V), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn). Hydrothermal island arcs may be responsible for > 50% of global hydrothermal P scavenging and > 40% V scavenging, despite representing <10% of global hydrothermal fluid flow
- …
