1,721,000 research outputs found
String field theory: a modern introduction
No full textThis textbook provides an introduction to string field theory (SFT). String theory is usually formulated in the worldsheet formalism, which describes a single string (first-quantization). While this approach is intuitive and could be pushed far due to the exceptional properties of two-dimensional theories, it becomes cumbersome for some questions or even fails at a more fundamental level. These motivations have led to the development of SFT, a description of string theory using the field theory formalism (second-quantization). As a field theory, SFT provides a rigorous and constructive formulation of string theory. The main focus of the book is the construction of the closed bosonic SFT. The accent is put on providing the reader with the foundations, conceptual understanding and intuition of what SFT is. After reading this book, the reader is able to study the applications from the literature. The book is organized in two parts. The first part reviews the notions of the worldsheet theory that are necessary to build SFT (worldsheet path integral, CFT and BRST quantization). The second part starts by introducing general concepts of SFT from the BRST quantization. Then, it introduces off-shell string amplitudes before providing a Feynman diagrams interpretation from which the building blocks of SFT are extracted. After constructing the closed SFT, the author outlines the proofs of several important properties such as background independence, unitarity and crossing symmetry. Finally, the generalization to the superstring is also discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Environmental sustainability in basic research. A perspective from HECAP+
No full textAbstract The climate crisis and the degradation of the world's ecosystems require humanity to take immediate action. The international scientific community has a responsibility to limit the negative environmental impacts of basic research. The HECAP+ communities ( High Energy Physics, Cosmology, Astroparticle Physics, and Hadron and Nuclear Physics ) make use of common and similar experimental infrastructure, such as accelerators and observatories, and rely similarly on the processing of big data. Our communities therefore face similar challenges to improving the sustainability of our research. This document aims to reflect on the environmental impacts of our work practices and research infrastructure, to highlight best practice, to make recommendations for positive changes, and to identify the opportunities and challenges that such changes present for wider aspects of social responsibility
Black holes in N = 2 supergravity
No full textLa solution des équations d'Einstein–Maxwell décrivant le trou noir le plus général a été découverte par Plebański et Demiański en 1976. Cette thèse accomplit plusieurs étapes en vue d'intégrer une généralisation de cette solution en supergravité jaugée N = 2. Le contenu bosonique de cette dernière comprend la métrique assortie de champs de jauge et de deux types de champs scalaires (appelés scalaires-vecteurs et hyperscalaires); cela implique qu'il est beaucoup plus compliqué de trouver une solution générale et l'on doit se restreindre à des classes particulières de solutions ou bien utiliser des algorithmes pour générer des solutions.Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous approchons ce problème grâce à la première stratégie en nous restreignant aux solutions BPS.Dans un premier temps nous étudions les jaugeages abéliens qui impliquent les hyperscalaires afin de comprendre quelles sont les conditions nécessaires pour obtenir des vides N = 2 adS4 ainsi que des géométries de proche-horizon associées à des trous noirs statiques.Par la suite nous décrivons une solution générale et analytique pour des trous noirs (extrémaux) 1/4-BPS qui possèdent une masse, une charge de NUT, des charges dyoniques et des champs scalaires non-triviaux dans le contexte de la supergravité N = 2 jaugée à la Fayet–Iliopoulos.Dans la seconde partie nous obtenons une extension de l'algorithme de Janis-Newman afin de prendre en compte tous les champs bosoniques de spin inférieur à 2, les horizons topologiques et le cas des autres dimensions.Ainsi cela met à disposition tous les outils nécessaires pour appliquer cet algorithme à la supergravité (jaugée ou non).The most general black hole solution of Einstein–Maxwell theory has been discovered by Plebański and Demiański in 1976.This thesis provides several steps towards generalizing this solution by embedding it into N = 2 gauged supergravity.The (bosonic fields of the) latter consists in the metric together with gauge fields and two kinds of scalar fields (vector scalars and hyperscalars); as a consequence finding a general solution is involved and one needs to focus on specific subclasses of solutions or to rely on solution generating algorithms. In the first part of the thesis we approach the problem using the first strategy: we restrict our attention to BPS solutions, relying on a symplectic covariant formalism. First we study the possible Abelian gaugings involving the hyperscalars in order to understand which are the necessary conditions for obtaining N = 2 adS4 vacua and near-horizon geometries associated to the asymptotics of static black holes.A preliminary step is to obtain covariant expressions for the Killing vectors of symmetric special quaternionic-Kähler manifolds. Then we describe a general analytic solutions for 1/4-BPS (extremal) black holes with mass, NUT, dyonic charges and running scalars in N = 2 Fayet–Iliopoulos gauged supergravity with a symmetric very special Kähler manifold. In the second part we provide an extension of the Janis–Newman algorithm to all bosonic fields with spin less than 2, to topological horizons and to other dimensions. This provides all the necessary tools for applying this solution generating algorithm to (un)gauged supergravity, and interesting connections with the N = 2 supergravity theory are unravelled
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