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AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO KINETIC ARCHITECTURE FACADE DESIGN: A METHOD PROPOSAL BASED ON MULTI-CRITERIA OPTIMISATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS VIA GENERATIVE DESIGN TOOLS
No full textUyarlanabilir kinetik cephe sistemlerinin tasarımı konusu, kinetik mimarlık alanı altında özel bir ilgiyi hak eder. Cephe kabuğunda çeşitli mimari bileşenlere/elemanlara hareket kabiliyeti kazandırılması farklı bakış açıları üzerinden çok katmanlı bir yaklaşımı gerektirir. Alan ile ilgili yapılan öncül literatür ve örnek araştırmalarında kinetik cephe tasarımı konusuna belli konular temelinde yaklaşımlar olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmaların genellikle; hareketli modül tasarımı için form bulma, malzeme tercihi, performans gereksinimlerine cevap verebilirlik veya kullanıcı geri bildirimi vb. gibi konular özelinde tek katmanlı denemeler olarak kısıtlı kaldığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca, iç mekân işlevsel organizasyonu farklılaşan yapılarda mekânsal gereksinimlerin cephe yüzeyine yansıması ile ilgili literatürde örneklere rastlanmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla; kinetik cephelerin tasarımı konusuna, mimari program ve çeşitli unsurlar dahil edilerek önerilen çok katmanlı bütüncül bir yöntem bulunmamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, kinetik cephe sistemlerinin anlaşılması ve uyarlanabilir bir kinetik cephe sistemi önerisi geliştirebilmek adına geçmişten günümüze uygulama örnekleri, fikirler, tasarımlar ve araştırmalar literatür çalışmaları ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tez genelinde uygulamaya yönelik araştırma yaklaşımı benimsenerek; iç mekân organizasyonunun cephe yüzeyindeki kompozisyon ve hareket olgusuna yansımalarına dair kaygılar farklı konular ile irdelenmiştir. Bağlamsal literatür taramaları ile kinetik mimari ve kinetik cephelerin tarihsel gelişimi, mevcut sınıflandırmalar, kavramlar (konseptler), işlev ve performans gereksinimleri, malzeme ve hareket olgusu, kontrol strateji ve teknolojileri, tasarım yöntemleri ve cephe tasarımına etki eden bileşenler ayrı başlıklar altında açıklanmıştır. Tüm bu unsurların biçimsel ve sistemsel kararlara etkileri ile aralarındaki ilişkiler tartışılmıştır. Literatür çalışmaları ışığında kinetik cephe tasarımlarında ve değerlendirmelerinde faydalanmak üzere kapsamlı ve bütüncül olarak tüm gerekli unsurları barındıran bir tasarım çerçevesi sunulmuştur. Tasarım unsurları çerçevesi üzerinden uyarlanabilir kinetik cephelerin tasarımı için uygulamaya yönelik olarak yedi aşamalı bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Öneri yöntemde tasarım süreci; tasarım unsurları çerçevesi üzerinden öncül kararların alınması, biçimsel ve sistemsel unsurların belirlenmesi, iç mekân mimari organizasyonuna ve performans gereksinimlerine cevap verebilirlik doğrultusunda mekân-cephe kesişimi yüzeylerinin tasarımı ile kurallı çeşitlemesi üzerinden oluşturulmuştur. Bütüncül cephe kompozisyonuna ilişkin alternatifler; cephe bileşen ilişkileri ve tasarım girdileri üzerinden belirlenen uygunluk kriterleri ile evrimsel algoritma tabanlı çok amaçlı optimizasyon araçlarından faydalanılarak türetilmiştir. Optimizasyon simülasyonu ile elde edilen geniş tasarım evreni üzerinden tercih yapmanın mümkün olmaması nedeniyle yöntemin son aşamasında bağlamsal bir değerlendirme önerilmiştir. Bu aşamada uygunluğa yakınsayan çözümler; biçimsel ve sistemsel unsurlar temelinde oluşturulan değerlendirme setleri kullanılarak çok kriterli karar verme araçları vasıtasıyla test edilmiştir. Değerlendirme sürecinde karar verme sistemlerinden “Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci” ve “İdeal Çözüme Benzerlik Yoluyla Sıra Tercihi Tekniği” araçlarından bütünleşik olarak faydalanılmıştır. Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci ile; ikili karşılaştırma matrisleri kullanılarak tasarım bileşenlerinin etki ağırlıklarını ve göreceli önem derecelerini belirlenmiş, İdeal Çözüme Benzerlik Yoluyla Sıra Tercihi Tekniği yardımıyla ise çoklu alternatifler içerisinden pozitif ve negatif ideal sonuçlara yakınsayan çözümler hesaplanarak, tasarımlar sıralanmıştır. Bu değerlendirme aşaması ile tasarımcı ve paydaşlar için harici bir sayısal değerlendirme üretmek amaçlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak öneri yöntem, çeşitli tasarım yöntemleri ile oluşturulan ve farklı bağlamlara sahip örnek uygulamalar ile sınanmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde; araştırma soruları kapsamında öne sürülen problemlere tez içerisinde gerçekleştirilen tüm çalışmalara değinerek yanıtlar sunulmuştur. Kinetik cephelerde hareketten kaynaklı dinamizmle birlikte tasarıma dinamik yaklaşımın da önemli olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Tez kapsamında iki temel sonuç ürününe ulaşılmıştır. İlk olarak, kinetik cephe tasarımı sürecini anlaşılır kılmak için tüm terminoloji gerçekleştirilen kavramsal yaklaşım ile alt başlıklar altında derlenmiş, konunun özünde tüm bileşenleri ve girdileri bir arada görmeyi sağlayan bir perspektif literatüre kazandırılmıştır. Diğer sonuç ürününde ise; iç mekân işlevleri farklılık gösteren yapılar için, mimari program özelinde mekân-cephe kesişimleri olarak tanımlanan yüzeyler yardımıyla ihtiyaçlar, etken unsurlar ve tasarım girdileri tabanında çok kriterli optimizasyon araçları kullanılarak kinetik cephe tasarım çeşitlerinin kompozisyonel bir yaklaşımla üretilmesi sağlanmıştır. Üretilen cephe tasarımı çeşitlerinin karar destek araçları ile sayısal yorumlamaları yapılmıştır. Geliştirilen bütüncül ve üretken tasarım yöntemi önerisi sayesinde tasarımcılar ve tüm paydaşlar için kapsamlı ve değişen koşullara uyum sağlama potansiyeline sahip bir kılavuz sunulmuştur.The design of adaptive kinetic façade systems deserves special attention in the field of kinetic architecture. The movement capability of various architectural components/elements in the façade envelope requires a multi-layered approach from different perspectives. From the preliminary literature and case research conducted in the field, it is observed that there are approaches to kinetic façade design on the basis of some particular issues. It is seen that these studies are generally limited to single-layer experiments on topics such as form finding for moving module design, material preference, responsiveness to performance requirements or user feedback, etc. In addition, there is a lack of examples in the literature regarding the reflection of spatial requirements on the facade surface of buildings with diversified interior functional organization. Therefore, there is not a holistic multi-layered methodology proposal for the design of kinetic façades, encompassing the architectural program and its various elements. In this scope, in order to understand kinetic façade systems and to develop an adaptable kinetic façade system proposal; application examples, ideas, designs and researches from past to present have been evaluated with literature studies. By adopting a practice-led research approach throughout the thesis; concerns about the reflections of interior space organization on the composition and movement phenomenon on the facade surface have been examined with different topics. Through contextual literature reviews, the historical development of kinetic architecture and kinetic façades, existing classifications, concepts, function and performance requirements, material and movement phenomenon, control strategies and technologies, design methods and components affecting the façade design were explained under separate headings. The effects of all these elements on morphology and system decisions and their interrelationships were discussed. In the light of literature studies, a design framework that includes all the necessary aspects in a comprehensive and holistic manner was presented to be utilized in kinetic façade designs and evaluations. A seven-stage methodology was proposed for the design of adaptive kinetic façades through the framework of design aspects. In the proposed methodology, the design process was structured by adopting preliminary decisions on the framework of design elements, determining the morphology and system elements, designing the space-facade intersection surfaces in line with the architectural organization of the interior space and responsiveness to performance requirements, and their rule-based variations. Alternatives for holistic façade composition were derived from façade component relationships and design inputs by determining fitness criteria and utilizing multi-objective optimization tools based on evolutionary algorithms. A contextual evaluation was proposed in the final stage of the method since it was not possible to make a choice over the broad design universe that was obtained by optimization simulation. At this stage, the solutions that converge to fitness were tested by means of multi-criteria decision-making tools using evaluation sets based on morphological and systemic elements. In the evaluation process, ""Analytic Hierarchy Process"" and ""Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution"" tools are utilized as decision-making systems in an integrated manner. With the Analytical Hierarchy Process, the impact weights and relative importance levels of the design components were determined by using pairwise comparison matrices, and with the help of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, the design solutions converging to positive and negative ideal results among multiple alternatives were calculated and ranked. Through this evaluation phase, it was intended to produce an external quantitative assessment for the designer and stakeholders. As a result, the proposed methodology was tested with case studies that were created with various design methods and had different contexts. In the conclusion section, answers to the problems put forward within the scope of the research questions are presented by referring to all the studies carried out in the thesis. It is emphasized that the dynamic approach to design is also essential, along with the dynamism arising from movement in kinetic facades. Within the scope of the thesis, two main result products have been achieved. Firstly, in order to facilitate understanding of the kinetic façade design process, all terminology has been compiled under sub-headings with the conceptual approach performed, and a perspective that enables to see all components and inputs together in the essence of the subject has been brought to the literature. In the other final product, for buildings with different interior functions, kinetic facade design variations were produced with a compositional approach by using multi-criteria optimization tools based on needs, factors and design inputs with the help of surfaces defined as space-façade intersections specific to the architectural program. Quantitative interpretations of the generated façade design variations were conducted with decision support tools. The developed holistic and generative design methodology proposal has provided a comprehensive and potentially adaptable guide for designers and all stakeholders.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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