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Chthonius (Chthonius) cavernarum Ellingsen 1909
No full textChthonius (C.) cavernarum Ellingsen, 1909 (Figs 1 –11, 90) Chthonius cavernarum Ellingsen 1909: 217 (in part); Hadži 1930: 128, figs 7 a–f; Beier 1939 b: 16, fig. 13. Not Chthonius cavernarum: Ellingsen 1909: 217 (misidentification in part, see C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus); Beier 1928: 313 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1931: 91 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1932: 53 (misidentification, in part: see C. raridentatus). Type locality: Slovenia, Gorenjska regija, Škofja Loka, “Bischoflacker Grotte”, not identified but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5 (451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E) or Marijino brezno no. 6 (429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E). Distribution. NE Italy, Romania, Slovenia. Diagnosis ( ♂♀ ). An eyed, epi- or endogean Chthonius (Chthonius) from the eastern Italian Alps, Slovenia and southern Romania that differs from other species of the heterodactylus group in the following combination of characters: carapace usually without epistome, chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18); chaetotaxy tergites I–IV: 4: 4: 4: 4; genital opening of male flanked by aligned setae on each side; fixed chelal finger with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with intercalary microdenticles, and with a distoparaxial spatulate seta; distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–15 (♂♀) sharp, triangular teeth that are higher than wide, erected or weakly inclined forwards; coupled sensilla pc of movable chelal finger between trichobothria st and sb; chela length 1.00– 1.67 (♂) or 1.00– 1.77 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂) or 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Type material examined. ROMANIA— Prahova: 1 ♂ (paralectotype, present designation) “Carpathes / Sinaia Valachie / A. L. Montandon” “III. Chthonius cavernarum Ell. ” (MSNG). SLOVENIA— Gorenjska regija: 1 ♀ (lectotype, present designation), 9 ♂, 5 ♀, 2 T, 1 D (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 140 Chthonius / cavernarum Ell. n. sp. / Austria: Krain Sever” [= “Bischoflacker Grotte” (see Ellingsen 1909), not identified, but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5, 451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E or Marijino brezno no. 6, 429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E, both located near Škofja Loka] (ZMUN). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 142 Chthonius / cavernarum, E. / Austria: Krain” [= “Zaorlihöhle” (see Ellingsen 1909), now Jamovka no. 107 (= Jama na Pokojišču, Gmanjska jama, Jama na Zavrhu), 710 m a.s.l., 45 ° 54 ′ 12 ″N 14 ° 20 ′ 28 ″E] (ZMUN). Other material examined. ITALY — Friuli: Udine Prov.— 1 ♂, Nimis, Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD, 525 m a.s.l., 26.III. 1983, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂ of C. raridentatus). SLOVENIA— Notranjsko–Kraška regija: 2 ♂, “ 10 [illegible] Koschir Luka [Luka Košir leg.] Doline b[ei] Adelsberg. Verh[oeff]” (ZMHB, KatNr. 31638); 2 ♂, Postojna, Rakov Škocjan, 520 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Postojna, Lož, 600 m a.s.l., 14.X. 1990, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 1 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Snežnik, Sviščaki, 1250 m a.s.l., 25.VIII. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 10 ♂, 4 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, between Grosuplje and Turjak, 450 m a.s.l., 10.IX. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. Spodnjeposavska regija: 1 T, Brežice, 28.VIII. 1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. (together with 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Description of adults ( ♂♀ ). Carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown or pale brown (lecto- and paralectotypes decoloured); hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm and on distal surface of pedipalpal hand. Carapace 0.9–1.1 times longer than broad, weakly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin usually without epistome (Figs 1–2) (rarely weakly developed: Fig. 3), with sharp denticles between median macrosetae; ocular area as in Figs 4–5, anterior eyes with weakly convex lens (diameter 0.040–0.050 mm), posterior eyes reduced to spots, tapeta usually evident in recently preserved specimens; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.030–0.040 mm; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), respective lengths of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae 0.14–0.16 and 0.07–0.08 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.17–0.20, length of posterior macrosetae 0.17. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 9 setae, sternite III rarely with 8 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 8–9 (rarely 6) setae on each side. Chelicera (Figs 6–8) 2.2–2.4 (♂♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 (rarely 2) microseta laterally; fixed finger with 10–12 teeth (second tooth from distal end larger and sharp) and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), 8–10 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; gl ratio 0.50–0.62; spinneret weakly prominent in males (Fig. 6), rarely absent (Fig. 8), prominent and apically rounded in females (Fig. 7); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 15 and 17 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 9–12 (rarely 15) coxal spines, coxa III with 4–5 (rarely 8) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.2 –8.0 (♂) or 6.2–7.3 (♀) times as long as broad; chela (Figs 9–11) 5.5–6.9 (♂) or 4.5–5.9 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.9–2.3 (♂) or 1.7–1.9 (♀) times as long as deep; fixed finger with marked sigmoid curvature in lateral view (less marked in ♂ from Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD), with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with 1– 3 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces [1 ♀ (out of 3 ♂, 6 ♀) from Snežnik: Sviščaki without intercalary microdenticles]; distal tooth reduced, usually halfway between et and it in males, but nearer to it in females; 14–20 (♂) or 12–15 (♀) large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then decreasing in size towards the finger base; 1–4 (♂) or 3–5 (♀) small proximal teeth with rounded tips and dental canals; base of fixed finger with 0–4 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 (rarely 2) teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.030–0.050 mm); tip of fixed finger with sensilla af 1 ‾ 2, distal paraxial seta spatulate, enlarged in the middle and acuminate apically; movable finger strongly curved in lateral view and always shorter than fixed finger, with 22–29 (♂♀) teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 (rarely 2) low, broad distal tooth followed by 8–15 (♂♀) triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth that are erected or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 9–15 (♂♀) low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back to halfway between sb and b, followed by 3–8 vestigial teeth usually discernible only by the presence of dental canals; coupled sensilla pc usually halfway between st and sb; tip of movable finger with sensilla am 1 ‾ 2; trichobothria as in Figs 9–11, eb -esb -ist placed in a straight line, or with ist distad of the line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.6–1.8 (♂) or 1.6–1.7 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.1–1.2 (♂♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.9 (♂♀). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.7–2.2 (♂♀). Carapace 0.47–0.62 × 0.46–0.56 (0.42–0.52 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.43–0.64 × 0.47–0.62 (0.44–0.59 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicera 0.43–0.59 × 0.19–0.25 (♂) or 0.44–0.64 × 0.19–0.27 (♀); movable finger length 0.24–0.30 (♂) or 0.24–0.34 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.67–1.13 × 0.10–0.14 (♂) or 0.65–1.17 × 0.10–0.16 (♀); chela 1.00– 1.67 × 0.18–0.24 (♂) or 0.99–1.77 × 0.185–0.30 (♀); hand length 0.35–0.55 (♂), 0.35–0.59 (♀); fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.65–1.05 (♂), 0.65–1.14 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂), 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Description of tritonymph. Integument pale, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 1.00– 1.05 times longer than broad, anterior margin without epistome, denticles as in adults; anterior eyes with weakly convex lens, posterior eyes reduced to eye-spots; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae respectively 0.11–0.12 and 0.05 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.15 mm, length of posterior macrosetae 0.10 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicera 2.2–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 microseta laterally; fixed finger with 11 teeth, the distal two larger, the following proximally reduced in size; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 8–9 teeth; gl ratio 0.52; spinneret prominent and apically rounded, as in females; rallum with 9 blades; serrula exterior with 13 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 13–15 coxal spines, coxa III with 5–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.4 times as long as broad; chela 5.9 times as long as deep; hand 2.15 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 18–22 teeth with dental canals, with 1– 2 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces; first distal tooth reduced, situated at level of et; 17–21 large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then reduced in size towards the finger base; 2–3 small proximal teeth with rounded tips and with dental canals; base of fixed finger with 2–3 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.040–0.043 mm); distal paraxial seta as in adults; movable finger shorter than fixed finger; movable finger with 26 teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 low, broad distal tooth followed by 10 triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth, erect or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 15 low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back almost to b; coupled sensilla pc halfway between st and b; trichobothrium ist distad of line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand 1.6; ratio of femur/ movable finger 1.15; ratio of femur/carapace 1.5–1.6. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–1.7. Carapace 0.44–0.49 × 0.43–0.47 (0.41–0.43 anteriorly). Chelicera 0.41–0.43 × 0.18–0.19, movable finger length 0.20–0.22. Pedipalp: femur 0.71–0.74 × 0.11–0.12; chela 1.05–1.10 × 0.17–0.18; hand length 0.39–0.40; fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.68–0.70; movable finger length 0.62–0.64. Remarks. Ellingsen (1909) described Chthonius cavernarum from 26 syntypes from two caves in Carniola (now in Slovenia)—“Bischoflacker Grotte” (20 specimens) and “Zaorlihöhle” (2 specimens)—and from Sinaia, Romania (4 specimens). Harvey (1991, 2013) listed only Sinaia as the type locality, but this was due to a simple oversight (M.S. Harvey in litt.). Because the syntypes are now attributed to three different species (C. cavernarum, C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus: see below under C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus), a lectotype is designated here to ensure nomenclatural stability. Accordingly, under the Article 74.1. 3 of the Code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), all the other syntypes become paralectotypes of C. cavernarum, including those that were misidentified by Ellingsen (1909). Four paralectotypes not listed above [2 ♀ of C. heterodactylus (Romania, Sinaia) and 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus (Slovenia, Bischoflacker Grotte)] are mentioned under “Material examined” of the respective species. The female lectotype of C. cavernarum (lacking the right chela) is probably the specimen used by Ellingsen (1909) in description of the species. The measurements given by Ellingsen (1909) and those obtained here for the female lectotype (in brackets) are: carapace 0.64 (0.64) x 0.61 (0.59) anteriorly, chelicera length 0.64 (0.64), pedipalpal femur 1.37 (1.17) x 0.16 (0.16), hand 0.60 (0.59) x 0.29 (0.30), fixed finger length 1.14 (1.14), movable finger length 0.94 (1.00) mm. Ellingsen’s original description highlights one of the most important diagnostic characters, namely the dentition of movable chelal finger: “the inner margin in the distal part provided with small, conical teeth, smaller than those of the fixed finger, also with great intervals, but with no traces of smaller teeth between them; the teeth are growing lower backwards” (Ellingsen 1909). Beier (1928) considered it probable that C. cavernarum was synonymous with C. heterodactylus and noted the difficulties in detecting intercalary denticles on the fixed chelal finger (see Remarks under C. raridentatus for misidentifications between C. cavernarum and C. ellingseni by Beier 1928, 1931, 1932). Hadži (1930) rejected the synonymy suggested by Beier (1928) and correctly identified name and location of the Zaorlihöhle, one of the type localities of C. cavernarum. Hadži (1930) redescribed the species using a male from the cave “Žabja usta” (now Migutovo brezno no. 5, possibly the type locality: see ‘ Type localities’ above) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. Beier (1932) overlooked Hadži’s (1930) contribution and redescribed C. cavernarum, combining data from Ellingsen’s original description (body length and measurements of pedipalpal femur) with data from a specimen—probably a male, of unknown origin—of C. ellingseni (measurements of pedipalpal hand and fixed and movable fingers, with a figure of the pedipalpal chela). C. cavernarum was at last redescribed by Beier (1939 b) [repeated in Beier (1963)] on a male from the cave Breznohöhle ober Bischoflak (now Migutovo brezno no. 5) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. The measurements given by Hadži (1930) and Beier (1939 b) agree with those in the above description. Ćurčić (1974) erroneously gave “Postojnska Jama” as the type locality of C. cavernarum, probably following a previous citation of the species from “Krain, Grotte bei Adelsberg” by Ellingsen (1910) (see above in ‘Other material examined’). Chthonius cavernarum is a troglophilic species known from the eastern Venetian pre-Alps to Slovenia and southern Romania (Fig. 90). Among the species of Chthonius of the C. heterodactylus group, C. cavernarum seems to be related to the sympatric (rarely syntopic) C. raridentatus. Differences between C. cavernarum and C. raridentatus are given in the above key. The presence of C. cavernarum in Italy (Gardini 2000) is here confirmed. Records of Chthonius subterraneus Beier, 1931 from Hungary (Szent-Ivány 1941) and Slovakia (Krumpál & Krumpálová 2003, Christophoryová et al. 2011 b, 2012) are doubtful and remain to be verified since C. subterraneus (type locality: Montenegro, Herceg Novi) displays a dentition of the movable chelal finger identical to that of C. cavernarum.Published as part of Gardini, Giulio, 2014, The species of the Chthonius heterodactylus group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the eastern Alps and the Carpathians, pp. 101-137 in Zootaxa 3887 (2) on pages 103-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/22805
Chthonius (Chthonius) cavernarum Ellingsen 1909
No full textChthonius (C.) cavernarum Ellingsen, 1909 (Figs 1 –11, 90) Chthonius cavernarum Ellingsen 1909: 217 (in part); Hadži 1930: 128, figs 7 a–f; Beier 1939 b: 16, fig. 13. Not Chthonius cavernarum: Ellingsen 1909: 217 (misidentification in part, see C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus); Beier 1928: 313 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1931: 91 (misidentification, see C. raridentatus); Beier 1932: 53 (misidentification, in part: see C. raridentatus). Type locality: Slovenia, Gorenjska regija, Škofja Loka, “Bischoflacker Grotte”, not identified but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5 (451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E) or Marijino brezno no. 6 (429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″ N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E). Distribution. NE Italy, Romania, Slovenia. Diagnosis ( ♂♀ ). An eyed, epi- or endogean Chthonius (Chthonius) from the eastern Italian Alps, Slovenia and southern Romania that differs from other species of the heterodactylus group in the following combination of characters: carapace usually without epistome, chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18); chaetotaxy tergites I–IV: 4: 4: 4: 4; genital opening of male flanked by aligned setae on each side; fixed chelal finger with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with intercalary microdenticles, and with a distoparaxial spatulate seta; distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–15 (♂♀) sharp, triangular teeth that are higher than wide, erected or weakly inclined forwards; coupled sensilla pc of movable chelal finger between trichobothria st and sb; chela length 1.00– 1.67 (♂) or 1.00– 1.77 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂) or 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Type material examined. ROMANIA— Prahova: 1 ♂ (paralectotype, present designation) “Carpathes / Sinaia Valachie / A. L. Montandon” “III. Chthonius cavernarum Ell. ” (MSNG). SLOVENIA— Gorenjska regija: 1 ♀ (lectotype, present designation), 9 ♂, 5 ♀, 2 T, 1 D (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 140 Chthonius / cavernarum Ell. n. sp. / Austria: Krain Sever” [= “Bischoflacker Grotte” (see Ellingsen 1909), not identified, but presumably either Migutovo brezno no. 5, 451 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 36.7 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 51.7 ″E or Marijino brezno no. 6, 429 m a.s.l., 46 °09′ 45 ″N 14 ° 17 ′ 50 ″E, both located near Škofja Loka] (ZMUN). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (paralectotypes, present designation), “ 142 Chthonius / cavernarum, E. / Austria: Krain” [= “Zaorlihöhle” (see Ellingsen 1909), now Jamovka no. 107 (= Jama na Pokojišču, Gmanjska jama, Jama na Zavrhu), 710 m a.s.l., 45 ° 54 ′ 12 ″N 14 ° 20 ′ 28 ″E] (ZMUN). Other material examined. ITALY — Friuli: Udine Prov.— 1 ♂, Nimis, Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD, 525 m a.s.l., 26.III. 1983, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂ of C. raridentatus). SLOVENIA— Notranjsko–Kraška regija: 2 ♂, “ 10 [illegible] Koschir Luka [Luka Košir leg.] Doline b[ei] Adelsberg. Verh[oeff]” (ZMHB, KatNr. 31638); 2 ♂, Postojna, Rakov Škocjan, 520 m a.s.l., 5.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Postojna, Lož, 600 m a.s.l., 14.X. 1990, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 1 ♂, 1 ♀ of C. raridentatus); 3 ♂, 6 ♀, Snežnik, Sviščaki, 1250 m a.s.l., 25.VIII. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. (together with 10 ♂, 4 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Osrednjeslovenska regija: 1 ♂, between Grosuplje and Turjak, 450 m a.s.l., 10.IX. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. Spodnjeposavska regija: 1 T, Brežice, 28.VIII. 1987, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. (together with 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus). Description of adults ( ♂♀ ). Carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown or pale brown (lecto- and paralectotypes decoloured); hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm and on distal surface of pedipalpal hand. Carapace 0.9–1.1 times longer than broad, weakly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin usually without epistome (Figs 1–2) (rarely weakly developed: Fig. 3), with sharp denticles between median macrosetae; ocular area as in Figs 4–5, anterior eyes with weakly convex lens (diameter 0.040–0.050 mm), posterior eyes reduced to spots, tapeta usually evident in recently preserved specimens; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.030–0.040 mm; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), respective lengths of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae 0.14–0.16 and 0.07–0.08 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.17–0.20, length of posterior macrosetae 0.17. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II rarely with 9 setae, sternite III rarely with 8 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 8–9 (rarely 6) setae on each side. Chelicera (Figs 6–8) 2.2–2.4 (♂♀) times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 1 (rarely 2) microseta laterally; fixed finger with 10–12 teeth (second tooth from distal end larger and sharp) and a few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di), 8–10 teeth proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal tubercles; gl ratio 0.50–0.62; spinneret weakly prominent in males (Fig. 6), rarely absent (Fig. 8), prominent and apically rounded in females (Fig. 7); rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 15 and 17 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 9–12 (rarely 15) coxal spines, coxa III with 4–5 (rarely 8) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.2 –8.0 (♂) or 6.2–7.3 (♀) times as long as broad; chela (Figs 9–11) 5.5–6.9 (♂) or 4.5–5.9 (♀) times as long as deep; hand of chela 1.9–2.3 (♂) or 1.7–1.9 (♀) times as long as deep; fixed finger with marked sigmoid curvature in lateral view (less marked in ♂ from Grotta di Monteprato 59 Fr/UD), with 17–24 (♂) or 15–20 (♀) teeth with dental canals, usually with 1– 3 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces [1 ♀ (out of 3 ♂, 6 ♀) from Snežnik: Sviščaki without intercalary microdenticles]; distal tooth reduced, usually halfway between et and it in males, but nearer to it in females; 14–20 (♂) or 12–15 (♀) large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then decreasing in size towards the finger base; 1–4 (♂) or 3–5 (♀) small proximal teeth with rounded tips and dental canals; base of fixed finger with 0–4 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 (rarely 2) teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.030–0.050 mm); tip of fixed finger with sensilla af 1 ‾ 2, distal paraxial seta spatulate, enlarged in the middle and acuminate apically; movable finger strongly curved in lateral view and always shorter than fixed finger, with 22–29 (♂♀) teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 (rarely 2) low, broad distal tooth followed by 8–15 (♂♀) triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth that are erected or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 9–15 (♂♀) low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back to halfway between sb and b, followed by 3–8 vestigial teeth usually discernible only by the presence of dental canals; coupled sensilla pc usually halfway between st and sb; tip of movable finger with sensilla am 1 ‾ 2; trichobothria as in Figs 9–11, eb -esb -ist placed in a straight line, or with ist distad of the line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.6–1.8 (♂) or 1.6–1.7 (♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.1–1.2 (♂♀); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.9 (♂♀). Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.7–2.2 (♂♀). Carapace 0.47–0.62 × 0.46–0.56 (0.42–0.52 anteriorly) (♂) or 0.43–0.64 × 0.47–0.62 (0.44–0.59 anteriorly) (♀). Chelicera 0.43–0.59 × 0.19–0.25 (♂) or 0.44–0.64 × 0.19–0.27 (♀); movable finger length 0.24–0.30 (♂) or 0.24–0.34 (♀). Pedipalp: femur 0.67–1.13 × 0.10–0.14 (♂) or 0.65–1.17 × 0.10–0.16 (♀); chela 1.00– 1.67 × 0.18–0.24 (♂) or 0.99–1.77 × 0.185–0.30 (♀); hand length 0.35–0.55 (♂), 0.35–0.59 (♀); fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.65–1.05 (♂), 0.65–1.14 (♀); movable finger length 0.59–0.91 (♂), 0.60 –1.00 (♀). Description of tritonymph. Integument pale, hispid granulation less marked than in adults. Carapace 1.00– 1.05 times longer than broad, anterior margin without epistome, denticles as in adults; anterior eyes with weakly convex lens, posterior eyes reduced to eye-spots; chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), length of anteromedian and anterolateral macrosetae respectively 0.11–0.12 and 0.05 mm, length of median macrosetae of ocular row 0.15 mm, length of posterior macrosetae 0.10 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 5:(2) 8 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicera 2.2–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and 1 microseta laterally; fixed finger with 11 teeth, the distal two larger, the following proximally reduced in size; movable finger with an isolated subapical tooth (di) and 8–9 teeth; gl ratio 0.52; spinneret prominent and apically rounded, as in females; rallum with 9 blades; serrula exterior with 13 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 13–15 coxal spines, coxa III with 5–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 6.4 times as long as broad; chela 5.9 times as long as deep; hand 2.15 times as long as deep; fixed finger with 18–22 teeth with dental canals, with 1– 2 intercalary microdenticles in most interdental spaces; first distal tooth reduced, situated at level of et; 17–21 large, sharp, weakly reclined teeth increasing in size as far as halfway along the finger, then reduced in size towards the finger base; 2–3 small proximal teeth with rounded tips and with dental canals; base of fixed finger with 2–3 microtubercles; fixed finger at level of it/est with 3 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.040–0.043 mm); distal paraxial seta as in adults; movable finger shorter than fixed finger; movable finger with 26 teeth, all with dental canal; distal half of movable finger with 1 low, broad distal tooth followed by 10 triangular, sharp, higher than wide teeth, erect or weakly inclined forward; proximal half of movable finger with 15 low, broad, reclined teeth increasingly reduced towards finger base, reaching back almost to b; coupled sensilla pc halfway between st and b; trichobothrium ist distad of line eb/esb; ratio of movable finger/hand 1.6; ratio of femur/ movable finger 1.15; ratio of femur/carapace 1.5–1.6. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5–1.7. Carapace 0.44–0.49 × 0.43–0.47 (0.41–0.43 anteriorly). Chelicera 0.41–0.43 × 0.18–0.19, movable finger length 0.20–0.22. Pedipalp: femur 0.71–0.74 × 0.11–0.12; chela 1.05–1.10 × 0.17–0.18; hand length 0.39–0.40; fixed finger length (from tip to eb) 0.68–0.70; movable finger length 0.62–0.64. Remarks. Ellingsen (1909) described Chthonius cavernarum from 26 syntypes from two caves in Carniola (now in Slovenia)—“Bischoflacker Grotte” (20 specimens) and “Zaorlihöhle” (2 specimens)—and from Sinaia, Romania (4 specimens). Harvey (1991, 2013) listed only Sinaia as the type locality, but this was due to a simple oversight (M.S. Harvey in litt.). Because the syntypes are now attributed to three different species (C. cavernarum, C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus: see below under C. heterodactylus and C. raridentatus), a lectotype is designated here to ensure nomenclatural stability. Accordingly, under the Article 74.1. 3 of the Code (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), all the other syntypes become paralectotypes of C. cavernarum, including those that were misidentified by Ellingsen (1909). Four paralectotypes not listed above [2 ♀ of C. heterodactylus (Romania, Sinaia) and 2 ♀ of C. raridentatus (Slovenia, Bischoflacker Grotte)] are mentioned under “Material examined” of the respective species. The female lectotype of C. cavernarum (lacking the right chela) is probably the specimen used by Ellingsen (1909) in description of the species. The measurements given by Ellingsen (1909) and those obtained here for the female lectotype (in brackets) are: carapace 0.64 (0.64) x 0.61 (0.59) anteriorly, chelicera length 0.64 (0.64), pedipalpal femur 1.37 (1.17) x 0.16 (0.16), hand 0.60 (0.59) x 0.29 (0.30), fixed finger length 1.14 (1.14), movable finger length 0.94 (1.00) mm. Ellingsen’s original description highlights one of the most important diagnostic characters, namely the dentition of movable chelal finger: “the inner margin in the distal part provided with small, conical teeth, smaller than those of the fixed finger, also with great intervals, but with no traces of smaller teeth between them; the teeth are growing lower backwards” (Ellingsen 1909). Beier (1928) considered it probable that C. cavernarum was synonymous with C. heterodactylus and noted the difficulties in detecting intercalary denticles on the fixed chelal finger (see Remarks under C. raridentatus for misidentifications between C. cavernarum and C. ellingseni by Beier 1928, 1931, 1932). Hadži (1930) rejected the synonymy suggested by Beier (1928) and correctly identified name and location of the Zaorlihöhle, one of the type localities of C. cavernarum. Hadži (1930) redescribed the species using a male from the cave “Žabja usta” (now Migutovo brezno no. 5, possibly the type locality: see ‘ Type localities’ above) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. Beier (1932) overlooked Hadži’s (1930) contribution and redescribed C. cavernarum, combining data from Ellingsen’s original description (body length and measurements of pedipalpal femur) with data from a specimen—probably a male, of unknown origin—of C. ellingseni (measurements of pedipalpal hand and fixed and movable fingers, with a figure of the pedipalpal chela). C. cavernarum was at last redescribed by Beier (1939 b) [repeated in Beier (1963)] on a male from the cave Breznohöhle ober Bischoflak (now Migutovo brezno no. 5) near Škofja Loka, Slovenia. The measurements given by Hadži (1930) and Beier (1939 b) agree with those in the above description. Ćurčić (1974) erroneously gave “Postojnska Jama” as the type locality of C. cavernarum, probably following a previous citation of the species from “Krain, Grotte bei Adelsberg” by Ellingsen (1910) (see above in ‘Other material examined’). Chthonius cavernarum is a troglophilic species known from the eastern Venetian pre-Alps to Slovenia and southern Romania (Fig. 90). Among the species of Chthonius of the C. heterodactylus group, C. cavernarum seems to be related to the sympatric (rarely syntopic) C. raridentatus. Differences between C. cavernarum and C. raridentatus are given in the above key. The presence of C. cavernarum in Italy (Gardini 2000) is here confirmed. Records of Chthonius subterraneus Beier, 1931 from Hungary (Szent-Ivány 1941) and Slovakia (Krumpál & Krumpálová 2003, Christophoryová et al. 2011 b, 2012) are doubtful and remain to be verified since C. subterraneus (type locality: Montenegro, Herceg Novi) displays a dentition of the movable chelal finger identical to that of C. cavernarum.Published as part of Gardini, Giulio, 2014, The species of the Chthonius heterodactylus group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the eastern Alps and the Carpathians, pp. 101-137 in Zootaxa 3887 (2) on pages 103-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/22805
Repetita iuvant: exploring and supporting redundancy in hospital practices
No full textThis paper discusses the role of redundancy in hospital work, especially in facilitating the cognitive and coordinative tasks of health practitioners in clinical settings. It also investigates the ways in which health information technology can preserve, support and even enhance this role by being grounded in the observations and analyses that two research groups in Italy and Norway carried out in independent studies. In the present study, this previous research is reassessed and shaped into a unified and coherent design-oriented framework. This framework considers four kinds of data redundancy and outlines their peculiarities and the typical conditions in which they occur. In particular, the paper reports how these kinds of redundancies are exploited in both written artifacts and oral communications and how they affect each other. The paper also reports the impact of redundancies on the articulation work of physicians and nurses by playing either a negative or, more often, a positive role depending on the context. A series of lessons learnt are then proposed for the design of suitable coordination mechanisms that could preserve or even utilize this neglected phenomenon, which is strongly related to the interpretative and coordinative practices that are articulated in the patient's record
An extension of the avalanche criterion in the context of c-differentials
No full textThe Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) is a property of vectorial Boolean functions that is used in the construction of strong S-boxes. We show in this paper how to generalize the concept of SAC to address possible
c-differential attacks, in the realm of finite fields. We define the concepts of c-Strict Avalanche Criterion (c-SAC) and c-Strict Avalanche Criterion of order m (c-SAC(m)), and generalize results of (Li and Cusick, 2005).
We also show computationally how the new definition is not equivalent to the existing concepts of c-bent1-ness
(Stănică, et al., 2020), nor (for n = m) PcN-ness (Ellingsen et al., 2020)
Atmospheric water droplets can catalyse atom pair break-up via surface-induced resonance repulsion
No full textWe present the theory for a retarded resonance interaction between two identical atoms near a dielectric surface. In free space the resonance interaction between isotropically excited atom pairs is attractive at all atom-atom separations. We illustrate numerically how this interaction between oxygen, sulphur, hydrogen, or nitrogen atom pairs may turn repulsive near water droplets. The results provide evidence of a mechanism causing excited state atom pair breakage to occur in the atmosphere near water drople
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Mitomycin C in highly myopic eyes - Author reply
No full textOphthalmology. 2005 Feb;112(2):208-18; discussion 219.
Mitomycin C modulation of corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy in highly myopic eyes.
Gambato C, Ghirlando A, Moretto E, Busato F, Midena E.
SourceRefractive Surgery Service and Antimetabolite Therapy Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of topical mitomycin C in corneal wound healing (CWH) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in highly myopic eyes.
DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.
PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two eyes of 36 patients affected by high (>7 diopters) myopia.
METHODS: In each patient, one eye was randomly assigned to PRK with intraoperative topical 0.02% mitomycin C application, and the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Postoperatively, mitomycin C-treated eyes received artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months), whereas the fellow eye was treated with fluorometholone sodium 2% and artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, manifest refraction, and biomicroscopy. Contrast sensitivity was determined using the Pelli-Robson chart. Corneal confocal microscopy documented CWH.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 12-36). No side effects or toxic effects were documented. At 12-month follow-up examination, UCVAs (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 0.4+/-0.48 and 0.5+/-0.53 (P = .03) in mitomycin C-treated eyes and corticosteroid-treated eyes, respectively. At 1 year, corneal haze developed in 20% of corticosteroid-treated eyes, versus 0% of mitomycin C-treated eyes. At 12, 24, and 36 months, corneal confocal microscopy showed activated keratocytes and extracellular matrix significantly more evident in untreated eyes (Ps = 0.004, 0.024, and 0.046, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Topical intraoperative application of 0.02% mitomycin C can reduce haze formation in highly myopic eyes undergoing PRK.
Comment in
Ophthalmology. 2006 Feb;113(2):357; author reply 357-8
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Southern Ocean Deep Benthic Biodiversity
No full textThe deep sea is the largest environment on the planet,
the least well known and one of the least studied.
It contains extremely large habitats, and millions
of km2 of continental slopes and abyssal plains. These
incorporate other geological structures, including canyons,
seamounts, reefs, hydrothermal vents, mud volcanoes,
and faults at active and passive margins, which
support unique microbiological and faunal communities.
Despite our limited knowledge of deep-sea biodiversity,
we now know that the Southern Ocean (SO)
deep sea is very speciose within many taxa, and it is
therefore likely that more species occur in the deep
sea than any other biome on earth (Gage&Tyler, 1991).
In many taxa far more than 90% of the species collected
in a typical abyssal sediment sample are new to science,
and usually
H
50% of these appear to be rare
(Glover et al., 2002; Brandt et al., 2007a–c; Ellingsen
et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2008). Some authors have
demonstrated that the occurrence of rare species in
samples is the result of sampling the regional fauna
only (Rex et al., 2005b). However, analyses comparing
abundance across different spatial scales in SO deepsea
isopods have revealed high biological variability,
which indicates patchiness rather than rarity, of most
isopod taxa (Kaiser et al., 2007)
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
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