130,445 research outputs found
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
New Caledonian Crows Learn the Functional Properties of Novel Tool Types
No full textPubMed ID: 22194779This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
The R&D Tax Incentives
No full textThis article sets out some background information and reflections of the author on the R&D tax incentive schemes included in the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCTB) Proposal. In particular the author analyzes the stimulus to private R&D through ad hoc tax incentives included in the CCTB Proposal and dives into the actual provisions included in the Proposal highlighting the most relevant issues connected with their design and interpretation. Moreover, the author explores the interaction between the CCTB Proposal and the granting by Member States of domestic R&D tax incentives
Representativeness of Direct Observations of Behavioural Duration: Data-based procedures for selecting a sampling method
No full textBehaviour analysts have sought to develop effective methods for selecting observation methods that reflect overall dimensions of behaviour across the whole time-of-interest. The existing literature on representativeness provides general rules for selecting representative measurement systems, however applied behaviour analysis would benefit from a data-based method. My research evaluated two data-based methods. In Study 1, the utility of work sampling, a method from time-and-motion study used to determine efficiently how people spend their time in work settings, was tested. Full week observations of behavioural categories in children with developmental disabilities were conducted in a special school. Equations used in work sampling were used to select the number of observations to be extracted from criterion records to obtain representative samples. The data showed that the number of samples required was impractically high when relative accuracy was the independent variable, and that representative samples were not obtained when absolute accuracy was computed. In Study 2, computer simulations evaluated the effect of varying overall duration and bout duration on the representativeness of samples extracted using simulated momentary time sampling. Decision rules were developed in the form of 3-D graphs, from which practitioners are able to select a measurement system based on estimates of the dimensions of the behaviour (bout duration and overall duration) and acceptable error. The results showed that decision rules could only be developed for a limited range of overall durations of behaviour. When applied to whole-week datasets obtained in Study 1, the decision rules did not produce representative samples when interbout intervals were variable. I conclude that, as the parameters of all dimensions of behaviour need to be known in order to predict representative sampling, a search for algorithms to predict representative sampling based on the parameters of some dimensions is a difficult task
Cooperation and self-control in the Iterated Sharing Game
No full textFull text is available to authenticated members of The University of Auckland only.Humans and other animals often behave cooperatively, despite there being no apparent or at least immediate payoff for doing so. We can make sense of cooperation as a maximising behaviour in an iterated or repeated-play scenario, when events preceding and following a cooperative act are taken into account. Conditional cooperation is analogous to making a (fitness) investment presently, with the expectation of a greater return later in time. However, doing so requires a degree of patience, or self-control: the ability to defer a small reward in the immediate or short term in order to reap larger, long-term benefits. We adapted the Sharing Game (Fantino & Kennelly, 2009) to allow for iterated play, and compared performance to that on a standard delay discounting task to examine the possibility of a link between self-control and cooperation in this novel task. The Sharing Game is unique among economic games as optimal choice in the task necessitates allocating a relatively larger payoff to an opponent. While self-control does not appear to be implicated in the Iterated Sharing Game (ISG), we propose that the ISG is an effective tool in assessing conditional cooperation and sensitivity to reciprocal strategies such as tit-for-tat (TFT). We find that participants can rapidly adopt optimal strategies against TFT, even in the absence of explicit feedback or knowledge about the contingencies presented in the task. We suggest that cooperative behaviour in the ISG is sensitive to environmental contingencies, but also consider individual factors such gender and personality that may interact with contextual variables and contribute to performance
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