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Letter: Elizabeth A. Wiley to Ida M. Tarbell, November 27, 1935
No full textHandwritten letter, 4 page
Letter: Elizabeth A. Wiley to Ida M. Tarbell, November 27, 1935
No full textHandwritten letter, 4 page
Planning and evaluation
No full textIntroduction: \ud
The core business of public health is to protect and promote health in the population.\ud
Public health planning is the means to maximise these aspirations. Health\ud
professionals develop plans to address contemporary health priorities as the evidence\ud
about changing patterns of mortality and morbidity is presented. Officials are also\ud
alert to international trends in patterns of disease that have the potential to affect the\ud
health of Australians. Integrated planning and preparation is currently underway\ud
involving all emergency health services, hospitals and population health units to\ud
ensure Australia's quick and efficient response to any major infectious disease\ud
outbreak, such as avian influenza (bird flu). Public health planning for the\ud
preparations for the Sydney Olympics and Paralympic Games in 2000 took almost\ud
\ud
three years. ‘Its major components included increased surveillance of communicable\ud
disease; presentations to sentinel emergency departments; medical encounters at\ud
Olympic venues; cruise ship surveillance; environmental and food safety inspections;\ud
bioterrorism surveillance and global epidemic intelligence’ (Jorm et al 2003, 102). In\ud
other words, the public health plan was developed to ensure food safety, hospital\ud
capacity, safe crowd control, protection against infectious diseases, and an integrated\ud
emergency and disaster plan. We have national and state plans for vaccinating\ud
children against infectious diseases in childhood; plans to promote dental health for\ud
children in schools; and screening programs for cervical, breast and prostate cancer.\ud
An effective public health response to a change in the distribution of morbidity and\ud
mortality requires planning. All levels of government plan for the public’s health.\ud
Local governments (councils) ensure healthy local environments to protect the\ud
public’s health. They plan parks for recreation, construct traffic-calming devices near\ud
schools to prevent childhood accidents, build shade structures and walking paths, and\ud
even embed drafts/chess squares in tables for people to sit and play. Environmental\ud
Health officers ensure food safety in restaurants and measure water quality. These\ud
public health measures attempt to promote the quality of life of residents. Australian\ud
and state governments produce plans that protect and promote health through various\ud
policy and program initiatives and innovations.\ud
To be effective, program plans need to be evaluated. However, building an integrated\ud
evaluation plan into a program plan is often forgotten, as planning and evaluation are\ud
seen as two distinct entities. Consequently, it is virtually impossible to measure, with\ud
any confidence, the extent to which a program has achieved its goals and objectives.\ud
\ud
This chapter introduces you to the concepts of public health program planning and\ud
evaluation. Case studies and reflection questions are presented to illustrate key points.\ud
As various authors use different terminology to describe the same concepts/actions of\ud
planning and evaluation, the glossary at the back of this book will help you to clarify\ud
the terms used in this chapter
Fabulous Fables: The Flip Side of Bermuda
No full textFlip here has two meanings, I think: the other side and the not so serious side of Bermuda. In fact, the book's fifteen fables are not only fanciful, as the flyleaf proclaims, but often a bit surrealistic. What happens here is not only unexpected but weird. The Cocktail Party tells of an encounter with a lizard who turns into one guest after another at the party. Electric Priests tells of three golfing priests who were struck by lightning, became sources of electricity, and founded their own power company. The glossy art is essential to these stories. Do not miss the illustration or the story of The Plimptons, which features this headline about a henpecked husband who did chores on Saturdays until the broom stuck to his hand: Brad and Broom Welded for Life. I like this wacky book!This is a hardbound book (hard cover)This book has a dust jacket (book cover)Stated first editionIllustrated and written by Elizabeth A Mulderi
Activation of Estrogen Response Element-independent ERα signaling protects female mice from diet-induced obesity
No full text17β-estradiol (E2) regulates central and peripheral mechanisms that control energy and glucose homeostasis predominantly through estrogen receptor α (ERα) acting via receptor binding to estrogen response elements (ERE). ERα signaling is also involved in mediating the effects of E2 on diet-induced obesity (DIO), although the roles of ERE-dependent and -independent ERα signaling in ameliorating the effects of DIO remain largely unknown. We hypothesize that ERE-dependent ERα signaling is necessary to ameliorate the effects of DIO. We addressed this question using ERαKO (KO) and ERαKIKO (KIKO) female mice; the latter expressing an ERα that lacks a functional ERE binding domain. Females were ovariectomized, fed low-fat (LFD) or high-fat (HFD) diet, and orally dosed with vehicle or estradiol benzoate (EB, 300 μg/kg). After 9 weeks, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, peptide hormone and inflammatory cytokine levels, and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and liver gene expression were assessed. EB reduced body weight and body fat in WT, regardless of diet, and in HFD-fed KIKO, in part by reducing energy intake and feeding efficiency. EB reduced fasting glucose levels in KIKO mice fed both diets but augmented glucose tolerance only in HFD-fed KIKO. Plasma insulin and IL-6 were elevated in KIKO and KO compared to WT on a LFD. Expression of arcuate neuropeptide and receptor genes and liver fatty acid biosynthesis genes was altered by HFD and by EB through ERE-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Therefore, ERE-independent signaling mechanisms in both the brain and peripheral organs mediate, in part, the effects of E2 during DIO.Peer reviewe
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