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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Vergleich der Adaptation von Frühgeborenen mit 23+0 bis 26+6 Schwangerschaftswochen mit oder ohne Blähmanöver im Rahmen einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie
No full textDie hohe Morbidität und Mortalität bei Frühgeborenen liegen in der extremen Unreife begründet. Die respiratorische Unterstützung unmittelbar nach der Geburt ist deshalb essentiell für die erfolgreiche Adaptation. Ein Blähmanöver soll durch Applikation eines positiven Druckes über einen längeren Zeitraum im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Atemzügen die verbliebene Lungenflüssigkeit verdrängen und den Aufbau einer funktionellen Residualkapazität (FRC) erleichtern. Die aktuelle Studienlage beschreibt eine mögliche Reduktion der mechanischen Beatmungsdauer ohne einen relevanten Einfluss auf die Inzidenz der bronchopulmonalen Dysplasie (BPD). Die Datenlage bezüglich des Blähmanövers ist inkonsistent und die Daten vor allem für extrem Frühgeborene sind lückenhaft. Deshalb schloss sich das Universitätsklinikum Ulm der internationalen SAIL (Sustained Aeration of Infant Lungs)-Studie an mit der Hypothese, dass sich extrem Frühgeborene durch Applikation von Blähmanövern im Rahmen der Erstversorgung schneller stabilisieren und die Vitalparameter rascher in die üblichen Referenzbereiche ansteigen würden im Gegensatz zu allein mit dem Standardverfahren behandelten Frühgeborenen.
In diese randomisierte Studie wurden in dem Zeitraum vom 01.01.2015 bis 31.12.2016 bei insuffizienter Eigenatmung oder Bradykardie zwölf Frühgeborene in die Interventionsgruppe und zehn in die Kontrollgruppe randomisiert mit einem Gestationsalter von 23+4 SSW bis 26+4 SSW und vergleichbaren demographischen Variablen. Die Interventionsgruppe wurde mit einem initialen Blähmanöver von 20 cmH20 für 15 Sekunden versorgt. Erfüllte das Frühgeborene weiterhin die Kriterien wurde ein zweites Blähmanöver mit 25 cmH20 für 15 Sekunden appliziert. Die Vitalparameter inkl. der zerebralen Gewebeoxygenierung und die Beatmungsparameter wurden für die ersten 20 - 25 Minuten nach der Geburt aufgezeichnet. Das Frühgeborene wurde für den Verlauf der Beatmung sowie das Auftreten möglicherweise assoziierter Erkrankungen nachbeobachtet. Limitierend für die Fallzahl war das nötige pränatale Einverständnis der Sorgeberechtigten sowie das frühzeitige Beenden der SAIL-Studie bei erhöhter Mortalität innerhalb von 48 Stunden in der Interventionsgruppe.
Die Interventionsgruppe stieg tendenziell schneller in der präduktalen Sauerstoffsättigung an bei einer niedrigeren inspiratorischen Sauerstofffraktion. Die Kontrollgruppe erreichte tendenziell schneller eine Herzfrequenz von über 100 Schlägen pro Minute. Die zerebralen Oxygenierungswerte lagen nur für einen geringen Teil der Studienteilnehmer vor und zeigten tendenziell höhere Werte in der Kontrollgruppe. Die Frühgeborenen der Interventionsgruppe zeigten bis auf zwei Patienten spontane Atemanstrengungen. Aus der atmenden Gruppe ließ sich ein FRC-Gewinn von im Median (Spannweite) 9,8 ml/kg (8 – 30,9 ml/kg) berechnen, die apnoische Gruppe erzielte einen Wert von 8,9 ml/kg (0 – 12,3 ml/kg). Ein Unterschied in der Dauer der Beatmung, der Rate an BPD und Todesfällen innerhalb von zwei Wochen konnte in dem Ulmer Kollektiv nicht gefunden werden. Es zeigten sich höhere Inzidenzen des therapiebedürftigen persistierenden Ductus arteriosus (42% vs. 0%, p = 0,04), der intraventrikulären Hämorrhagie (42% vs. 10%, p = 0,162) und der Frühgeborenen-Retinopathie (75% vs. 50%, p = 0,356) in der Interventionsgruppe.
Es gibt Hinweise, dass ein Blähmanöver möglicherweise nur bei einer Eigenatmung effektiv ist. Zu beachten ist, dass in der vorliegenden Studie das Blähmanöver bei einem Kollektiv an extrem Frühgeborenen mit beeinträchtigter Adaptation appliziert wurde. Bei geschlossener Glottis bei Hypoxie und Apnoe ist der Erfolg des Blähmanövers möglicherweise eingeschränkt und eine Stabilisierung über eine endotracheale Intubation zu erwägen. Ein Blähmanöver könnte über die Applikation eines höheren Druckes über einen längeren Zeitraum möglicherweise einen negativen Einfluss auf die kardiorespiratorische Anpassung bei unreifen Frühgeborenen haben. Es ist jedoch zu diskutieren, ob das Blähmanöver bei nicht atmenden Kindern auch positive Effekte wie die reflektorische Initiierung einer Atmung haben könnte.
Schließlich bleibt auf die Wichtigkeit der Durchführung groß angelegter Studien mit einheitlicher Methodik besonders im Sinne der Wahl der Atemhilfen mit Aufmerksamkeit auf die extrem Frühgeborenen hinzuweisen. Dabei sollte ein Fokus auf das Atemverhalten und das jeweilige Risikoprofil inkl. des Gestationsalters des Frühgeborenen gelegt werden. Letztlich könnte der regelhafte Einsatz einer endexspiratorischen CO2-Messung als Feedbackmechanismus sowie eines 3-Kanal EKGs zur verlässlichen Messung der Herzfrequenz als Indikator einer suffizienten Versorgung weitere Erkenntnisse bringen, ebenso wie eine Nachbeobachtung der Frühgeborenen hinsichtlich des neurologischen Outcomes.
Eine generelle Empfehlung zur Anwendung von Blähmanövern als alternative Erstversorgungsstrategie im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher Beatmung bei sehr unreifen Frühgeborenen kann derzeit nicht ausgesprochen werden.Background
Extremely low birth weight infants often require respiratory support after birth to establish a functional residual capacity (FRC). Especially for the most immature preterm infants there is inconclusive data on how standard resuscitation should be performed. Previous studies showed a reduced need of mechanical ventilation in infants treated with sustained inflations after birth. This sub-study as part of the international sustained aeration of infant lungs (SAIL) study examined the effect of sustained inflations on lung aeration and the effect on postnatal transition.
Methods
In this interventional study preterm infants with 23+0 to 26+6 weeks of gestation needing respiratory support after birth were randomized for two alternative initial ventilation strategies. The study group was treated with up to two sustained inflations of 15 seconds duration with an inspiratory pressure of 20 and 25 cmH20 via nasal tube. The control group was treated according to current guidelines with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Vital sign and respiratory monitoring were performed during the intervention and the infants were observed for the development of possibly associated conditions.
Results
22 infants born at the Children´s Hospital University of Ulm were included from January 2015 to December 2016. 12 infants were randomized to the interventional group (median [IQR] gestational age 25+1 [24+1 – 26+1] weeks) and 10 to the control group (median [IQR] gestational age 25+6 [25+0 – 26+5] weeks). The interventional group had a lower birth weight (mean [min, max] 597 [450, 860] grams) compared to the control group (mean [min, max] 730 [490, 1100] grams), p=0,051. The interventional group showed a faster normalization of pre-ductal oxygen saturation, whereas the control group reached a heart rate of >100 bpm faster. Respiratory efforts and ventilation were monitored and a gain in FRC could be calculated for breathing and apneic infants of the interventional group. There was no significant difference for the duration of mechanical ventilation, the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and deaths within the first two weeks. However, persisent ductus arteriosus (PDA) requiring therapy was significantly more common in the interventional group (42% vs. 0%, p=0,04), but there was no significant difference for the development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
Conclusion
Sustained inflations applied via nasal tube during extremely preterm infant resuscitation after birth were not superior to the standard guideline procedure using intermittent positive pressure ventilation to stabilize vital signs and oxygenation. We found a significantly higher rate of PDA requiring therapy in the sustained inflation group
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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