998 research outputs found
Anwar Returns The Prosecution and Release of Anwar Ibrahim
No full text"Going to jail I consider a sacrifice I make for the people of this country. My struggle will continue, wherever I am sent and whatever is done to me. I pledge, and I will not be silenced, I will fight on for freedom and justice and I will never surrender." - Anwar, 10 February 2015. 16 May 2018: Anwar Ibrahim is released from prison and receives a full royal pardon from the King of Malaysia. This was an astonishing turn of events for the former Deputy Prime Minister who was serving a second prison term for sodomy, a charge that Anwar has always refuted. For Mark Trowell QC, who observed the criminal trials of Anwar Ibrahim, the release was "as historic as the release of Nelson Mandela in South Africa." Read about the dramatic twists and turns in the prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim, from when he was first charged with sodomy in September 1998 to his vindication 20 years later. This book covers not only the trials and prosecution Anwar was subjected to, and which led to the guilty verdict and sentence of five years' imprisonment in February 2015, it also recounts the changing political tide sweeping through Malaysia that culminated in his historic release in 2018. Mark Trowell also presents an exclusive interview with Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In a wide-ranging discussion, held in May 2018, Anwar reveals much about his time in prison, his new relationship with Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his vision for Malaysia.Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- The Release (2015-2018) -- 01 In conversation with Anwar Ibrahim (31 May 2018) -- 02 The final twist -- The Prosecution (2008-2015) -- The Trials: September 2008-January 2012 -- 03 Sodomy I: The first episode -- 04 Sodomy II: Anwar charged again -- 05 The international reaction -- 06 Pre-trial skirmishes and start of trial -- 07 Continuing fight for disclosure during trial -- 08 The affair -- 09 Was it Anwar's DNA? -- 10 Judge says case to answer -- 11 Defence case begins -- prosecution applies to reopen case -- 12 Final submissions -- 13 The acquittal: 9 January 2012 -- 14 The saga continues -- The Final Play: March 2014-February 2015 -- 15 Government wins 13th general election -- 16 Attempts to disqualify prosecutor -- 17 A week of action -- 18 Anwar convicted and sentenced to five years in prison -- 19 Karpal convicted of sedition -- 20 Failure to expunge "homosexual" remark from record -- 21 "A good lawyer dies in the saddle" -- 22 Sedition crackdown to silence dissent -- 23 The final appeal: Federal Court of Malaysia -- 24 The final verdict: 10 February 2015 -- 25 Interview with Anwar Ibrahim (9 July 2014) -- Timeline of events (1998-2018) -- Key players in the prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim -- Acknowledgements -- About the author"Going to jail I consider a sacrifice I make for the people of this country. My struggle will continue, wherever I am sent and whatever is done to me. I pledge, and I will not be silenced, I will fight on for freedom and justice and I will never surrender." - Anwar, 10 February 2015. 16 May 2018: Anwar Ibrahim is released from prison and receives a full royal pardon from the King of Malaysia. This was an astonishing turn of events for the former Deputy Prime Minister who was serving a second prison term for sodomy, a charge that Anwar has always refuted. For Mark Trowell QC, who observed the criminal trials of Anwar Ibrahim, the release was "as historic as the release of Nelson Mandela in South Africa." Read about the dramatic twists and turns in the prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim, from when he was first charged with sodomy in September 1998 to his vindication 20 years later. This book covers not only the trials and prosecution Anwar was subjected to, and which led to the guilty verdict and sentence of five years' imprisonment in February 2015, it also recounts the changing political tide sweeping through Malaysia that culminated in his historic release in 2018. Mark Trowell also presents an exclusive interview with Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In a wide-ranging discussion, held in May 2018, Anwar reveals much about his time in prison, his new relationship with Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his vision for Malaysia.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
A fiscal needs approach to equalization transfers in a decentralized federation
Get PDFThe author reviews the conceptual basis for fiscal equalization transfers, analyzes the theoretical implications for optimal design of equalization transfers, and suggests quantitative approaches for assessing the fiscal needs of subnational governments and determining their entitlement to transfers. The author illustrates proposed methods using data for local and provincial Canadian governments. The proposed methods could be useful tools, he says, for undertaking systematic objective reviews of aggregate and sectoral public spending in developing countries. The author argues that in a decentralized federation, fiscal inefficiencies and inequities arise because of subnational governments'differing levels of ability to provide comparable public services at comparable tax rates. Fiscal equalization transfers that reduce or eliminate differentials in net fiscal benefits create a rare instance in economics when considerations of equity and efficiency coincide. These transfers must allow for differences in the spending needs and revenues-raising abilities of the various subnational governments. The author argues for a two-tiered approach to equalization. The first tier would be a federal responsibility to equalize the burden of federal taxes. The second tier would be an interprovincial equalization fund to be administered by the Council of Provincial Finance Ministers. It would entail a comprehensive equalization system that takes into account provincial spending needs. The standard of equalization would be negotiated.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,National Governance,Environmental Economics&Policies
Fiscal decentralization in developing and transition economies: progress, problems, and the promise
Get PDFThe author discusses the revolution in public sector thinking that is transforming the public sectors of developing and transition countries. Countries are reconsidering their fiscal systems and searching for the right balance between central government control and decentralized governance. Political decentralization has advanced in most countries. Subnational expenditures in developing countries as a percentage of total public expenditures have also increased over the past two decades. However, the process is far from complete. In many countries, the central government is still involved in the delivery of local services, local governments have few sources of own-revenues, local governments have limited access to borrowing for capital projects, and the design of intergovernmental transfers does neither address regional fiscal equity nor convey appropriate incentives for fiscal discipline, improved service delivery performance, and accountability to citizens. Decentralized public governance can help realign public sector incentives through greater accountability to citizens, and attenuate the"democracy deficit"caused by globalization and the role of supranational institutions and regimes. However, this requires careful examination of the entire fiscal system. Elements of a comprehensive package of fiscal system reforms would include: (a) Clarifying roles of various levels of government in public service delivery; (b) Reassigning taxing responsibilities to ensure local revenue autonomy, accountability, and efficiency without endangering an internal common market; (c) Designing fiscal transfers to ensure regional fiscal equity and to create an enabling environment for innovative and competitive service delivery; (d) Facilitating responsible credit market access to subnational governments; (e) Designing institutional arrangements for intergovernmental fiscal relations to better coordinate policies; and (f) Aligning operational capacity with the authorizing environment through the"accountability for results"framework of public management.National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Municipal Financial Management,National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Municipal Financial Management,Environmental Economics&Policies
Karakteristik Bubur Rumput Laut Turbinaria conoides dan Eucheuma cottonii sebagai Bahan Baku Krim Tabir Surya
No full textRadiasi sinar ultraviolet menyebabkan kulit menjadi kemerahan, penuaan
dan meningkatkan risiko kanker kulit. Kulit tidak dapat menahan sinar matahari
yang berlebih, oleh karena itu diperlukan pelindung tambahan menggunakan krim
tabir surya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menentukan kombinasi bubur rumput
laut T. conoides dan E. cottonii yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dan nilai
SPF yang tinggi, mendapatkan formula krim tabir surya terbaik dilihat dari
aktivitas antioksidan, penentuan nilai SPF dan evaluasi fisik sediaan krim.
Bahan utama penelitian adalah T. conoides, E. cottonii dan bahan baku
sediaan krim. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL).
Penelitian tahap pertama yaitu karakterisasi rumput. Penelitian tahap kedua yaitu
formulasi bubur rumput laut T. conoides dan E. cottonii. Penelitian tahap ketiga
yaitu pembuatan sediaan krim dengan formula terbaik. Sediaan krim yang
memiliki nilai terbaik diuji daya iritasi terhadap kulit.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan T. conoides mengandung senyawa fenol
hidrokuinon, flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, dan saponin, sedangkan E. cottonii
hanya mengandung alkaloid. Rendemen ekstrak tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak
metanol T. conoides (8.17%) dan E. cottonii (9.33%). Total fenol tertinggi
rumput laut T. conoides terdapat pada ekstrak etil asetat (211 ± 5.21 mg GAE/g),
sedangkan E. cottonii pada ekstrak metanol (141 ± 3.33 mg GAE/g). Total
flavonoid tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak etil asetat T. conoides
(157.15 ± 8.71 mg QE/g) dan E. cottonii (35.17 ± 1.00 mg QE/g). Ekstrak
metanol T. conoides dan E. cottonii memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat
dengan nilai IC50 15.14 ± 9.76 μg/mL dan 23.15 ± 1.49 μg/mL. Aktivitas
antioksidan pada formula bubur rumput laut memiliki nilai IC50
73.38 ± 2.80 μg/mL (1:1), 115.38 ± 1.50 μg/mL (1:2), dan 95.79 ± 1.50 μg/mL
(2:1), sedangkan nilai SPF pada masing-masing formula yaitu 2.4 ± 0.04 (1:1),
1.5 ± 0.03 (1:2), dan 2 ± 0.01 (2:1). Formula (1:1) ditambahkan pada sediaan
krim dengan konsentrasi penambahan bubur rumput laut 0%, 10%, 20% dan 30%.
Hasil pengujian aktivitas antioksidan pada krim 0% (116.88 ± 2.40 μg/mL), krim
10% (54.26 ± 6.20 μg/mL), krim 20% (46.17 ± 3.90 μg/mL) dan krim 30%
(28.49 ± 5.10 μg/mL), dan nilai SPF pada krim 0% (2 ± 0.02), 10% (5.37 ± 0.03),
20% (7.42 ± 0.02), 30% (15.22 ± 0.04) dan krim komersial (5 ± 0.03). Krim
terbaik terdapat pada krim 30% yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat
dengan nilai IC50 28.49 ± 5.10 μg/mL dan nilai SPF 15.22 ± 0.04. Hasil evaluasi
sediaan krim menunjukkan krim homogen, memiliki konsistensi yang baik.
Penerimaan konsumen terhadap produk melalui uji organoleptik berkisar antara
normal sampai suka, krim memiliki umur simpan selama 1 tahun berdasarkan
pengujian mekanik dan telah memenuhi persyaratan uji iritasi kulit
Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Krim dari Bubur Rumput Laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dan Sargassum plagyophyllum
No full textPigmen melanin berperan dalam reaksi pencoklatan pada kulit manusia.
Proses pembentukan melanin dapat direduksi dengan mekanisme antioksidan dan
inhibitor enzim tirosinase khususnya penghambatan pada jalur monofenolase (Ltirosin)
dan difenolase (L-DOPA). Rumput laut K. alvarezii dan S. plagyophyllum
adalah komoditas laut yang ketersediaannya berlimpah di alam dan diketahui
memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan inhibitor tirosinase. Sediaan bubur rumput laut
yang diduga mengandung senyawa bioaktif diformulasikan ke dalam sediaan krim
yang berfungsi sebagai pencerah kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan
informasi tentang karakteristik dari bahan baku rumput laut, ekstrak kasar dan
bubur rumput laut serta mendapatkan formula terpilih berdasarkan kandungan
kimia, evaluasi fisik dan mikrobiologi pada sediaan krim.
Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahap yaitu karakterisasi bahan baku yang
meliputi pengambilan, penepungan dan ekstraksi rumput laut. Tahap kedua adalah
pembuatan produk yang meliputi pembuatan sediaan bubur rumput laut dan sediaan
krim. Tahap ketiga adalah evaluasi produk (sediaan bubur dan krim).
Hasil identifikasi rumput laut cokelat oleh Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi,
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) adalah S. plagyophyllum. Rumput laut
K. alvarezii dan S. plagyophyllum yang digunakan tidak mengandung logam berat
(timah, merkuri dan arsen); mengandung senyawa bioaktif (alkaloid, terpenoid,
steroid, flavonoid, saponin dan tanin), vitamin C, vitamin E dan aktivitas
antioksidan berturut-turut 595.08±0.995 μg/mL dan 598.86±1.494 μg/mL. Nilai
IC50 asam kojat (pembanding), ekstrak metanol dari K. alvarezii dan S.
plagyophyllum pada substrat tirosin berturut-turut 15.566 μg/mL; 2691.478 μg/mL
dan 2195.206 μg/mL. Nilai IC50 asam kojat (pembanding), ekstrak metanol dari K.
alvarezii dan S. plagyophyllum pada substrat L-DOPA berturut-turut 29.156
μg/mL; 2631.648 μg/mL dan 1769.336 μg/mL. Sediaan krim terpilih adalah krim
dengan formula penambahan bubur rumput laut S. plagyophyllum 15% yang
memiliki aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) 491.93 μg/mL dan persen penghambatan
terhadap enzim tirosinase 20% (pada susbtrat L-DOPA dan konsentrasi uji 6000
μg/mL) dengan sifat alir plastis tiksotropik, nilai pH berkisar 5.78-6.21, stabilitas
baik dan tidak ditemukan koloni mikroba
Karakterisasi Sediaan Krim Tabir Surya dari Bubur Rumput Laut Eucheuma cottonii dan Sargassum sp.
No full textPenggunaan krim tabir surya diperlukan untuk melindungi kulit dari
radiasi sinar ultraviolet. Penggunaan bahan yang alami dan aman sangat penting
untuk mencegah efek samping dari penggunaan krim jangka panjang. E. cottonii
memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengemulsi,
pengental, penstabil, dan pembentuk gel dalam sediaan krim. Sargassum sp.
mengandung antioksidan, komponen fenolik, dan sebagai agen fotoproteksi.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan rasio penambahan bubur E. cottonii dan
Sargassum sp. terbaik pada krim tabir surya melalui uji total mikroba, aktivitas
antioksidan dan nilai SPF, menentukan kestabilan secara fisik, dan standar
keamanan melalui uji iritasi pada sediaan krim yang dihasilkan.
Bahan utama penelitian adalah E. cottonii, Sargassum sp. dan bahan baku
sediaan krim. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL),
terdiri dari empat perlakuan yaitu penambahan bubur E. cottonii dan
Sargassum sp. dengan taraf (1:1), (1:2), (2:1) dan control dengan dua kali ulangan.
Penelitian tahap pertama adalah pembuatan bubur E. cottonii dan Sargassum sp.
Tahap kedua adalah pembuatan sediaan krim tabir surya. Penelitian tahap ketiga
adalah uji iritasi pada sediaan krim terpilih dengan uji human 4 - hour patch test.
Parameter pengamatan antara lain uji total mikroba, aktivitas antioksidan, Sun
Protective Factor (SPF), evaluasi fisik sediaan krim (uji sensori, homogenitas,
konsistensi) dan uji stabilitas (uji pada suhu yang berbeda yaitu suhu rendah 4 ±
2oC, suhu ruang 28 ± 2oC, tinggi 40 ± 2oC, cycling test dan centrifugal test).
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krim tabir surya terbaik adalah krim
dengan ratio penambahan bubur E. cottonii dan Sargassum sp. (1:1) berdasarkan
uji Bayes. Mikroba tidak ditemukan pada sediaan bubur E. cottonii dan
Sargassum sp. serta sediaan krim tabir surya. Aktivitas antioksidan sediaan bubur
E. cottonii 127.23 ± 2.77 μg/mL, Sargassum sp. 119.66 ± 0.25 μg/mL dan pada
krim tabir surya 83.4± 0.03 μg/mL. Nilai SPF sediaan krim adalah 7.03 ± 0.01
sehingga dapat dikategorikan memiliki kemampuan ekstra (6-8). Penerimaan
konsumen terhadap produk melalui uji sensori berkisar antara normal sampai suka.
Hasil pengukuran konsistensi sediaan krim pada minggu ke-0 dan ke-12
menunjukkan bahwa sediaan krim merupakan semisolid. Krim tabir surya
memiliki kestabilan fisik yang baik, tidak mengalami perubahan warna, bau dan
pemisahan fase. Nilai pH sediaan krim pada penyimpanan 12 minggu dengan
suhu yang berbeda berkisar antara 6 - 7. Sediaan krim aman digunakan secara
topical dan aman tanpa menyebabkan iritasi kulit
Analisis Komparatif Kitab Tarjuman Al-Mustafid dengan Tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil dan Tafsir Jalalain pada Ayat-ayat Sihir
Get PDFThis research presents a comparative analysis between the Tarjuman Al-Mustafid book with Anwar At-Tanzil's commentary, and Jalalain's commentary with a focus only on magic verses starting from Surah Al-Fatihah, Al-Baqarah verse 102, and Al-Falaq. The research method used is a qualitative approach focused on library research with the main data coming from the books of Tarjuman Al-Mustafid, Tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil, and Tafsir Jalalain. The results of the research show that there is quite a big influence from Anwar At-Tanzil's interpretation and Jalalain's interpretation on Tarjuman Al-Mustafid in terms of the systematic writing and meaning of the verses. One important factor in the relationship with the interpretation of Jalalain is Abdurrauf's intellectual connection with Jalaluddin As-Suyuti, the author of the interpretation of Jalalain. Apart from that, Anwar At-Tanzil's tafsir is also an important reference source in writing this tafsir, as stated on the cover of Tarjuman Al-Mustafid's tafsir. In understanding the magic verses, Abdurrauf is more inclined or agrees with Tafsir Jalalain because it is used as a reference, and is influential when providing a more general explanation.Penelitian ini menyajikan sebuah analisis komparatif antara kitab Tarjuman Al-Mustafid dengan tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil, dan tafsir Jalalain dengan fokus hanya pada ayat-ayat sihir yang dimulai dari surat Al-Fatihah, Al-Baqarah ayat 102, dan Al-Falaq. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif yang difokuskan pada penelitian pustaka (library research) dengan data utama yang berasal dari kitab Tarjuman Al-Mustafid, Tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil, dan tafsir Jalalain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang cukup besar dari tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil dan tafsir Jalalain pada Tarjuman Al-Mustafid dari segi sistematika penulisan dan makna ayat. Salah satu faktor penting dalam hubungan dengan tafsir Jalalain adalah keterkaitan intelektual Abdurrauf dengan Jalaluddin As-Suyuti, penulis tafsir Jalalain. Selain itu, tafsir Anwar At-Tanzil juga menjadi sumber referensi penting dalam penulisan tafsir ini, seperti yang tercantum dalam sampul tafsir Tarjuman Al-Mustafid. Dalam memahami ayat-ayat sihir, Abdurrauf lebih condong atau sependapat dengan Tafsir Jalalain karena dijadikan sebagai rujukan, serta berpengaruh ketika memberikan penjelasan yang lebih umum
The influence of hpmc to co-processed chitosan-sodium starch glycolat as matrix tablet floting formulation
No full textNewspaper Clippings on the Current Crisis
No full textThis collection includes:
Schurmann, F. (1990, November 21). Long-term cycle theory suggests looming depression. Newspaper clipping. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Lever, H. (1982, September 24). International banking\u27s house of cards. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1982, March 31). Business failures spreading. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Petzinger, T. Jr. (1982, May 24). Bankruptcy wave: Business failures hit post-depression high; tide expected to swell. The Wall Street Journal. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1983, July 5). Poor nations\u27 debts posing a threat to richer countries. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Magazine clipping. (1981, October 26). A history of failure. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Karmin, M. W. (1982, June 14). Do bankruptcies foretell a financial crash? U.S. News & World Report. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Time. (1982, April 26). A rising tide of bankruptcies. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
U.S. News & World Report. (1981, November 30). Companies going broke—How big a danger? Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Train, J. (1982, April 2). The 1930s again? Forbes. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Karmin, M. (1982, May 3). Business failures—A new wave to come? U.S. News & World Report. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Frank, A. D. (1982, May 24). Rush to reform. Forbes. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Egan, J. (1982, October 25). Banks on the brink. New York. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Quint, M., Sterngold, J., & Cole, R. J. (1990, August 23). Bank woes climbing in Northeast; Japan financial sector faces sharp reverses; Stocks fall sharply as oil surges. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Labaton, S. (1991, January 10). Regulators are glum on outlook. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Rochelle, W. J. (1990, November 29). What recession? It\u27s a depression. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Silk, L. (1982, September 1). Economic scene: Capitalism and crises. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1984, April 21). Financial collapse, bad loans, and worldwide decline in profitability [Handwritten notes for presentation, Hamburg]. Manuscript in possession of author.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1983, February 28). Other facts on U.S. versus other DCC\u27s [Handwritten notes comparing labor costs, social spending, taxes, and military spending]. Manuscript in possession of author.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1984, November 7). Reagan years: 1980–84 [Handwritten outline covering economic boom 1982–1984]. Manuscript in possession of author.
Shaikh, A., PhD. (1984, April). Reduction of workweek as response to current crisis (Hamburg) [Paper discussing fall in profitability, labor, poverty, and Reaganism]. Manuscript in possession of author.
The New York Times. (1982, October 17). Family feuds [Political cartoon]. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Lewis, F. (1982, October 17). European slump tumbles leaders left and right. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Malabre Jr., A. L. (1980, April 8). Dangerous debt. The Wall Street Journal. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Bradsher, K. (1995, October 27). Widest gap in incomes? Research points to U.S. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1995, September 15). Bankruptcies rise in Japan. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
BusinessWeek. (1984, October 29). Behind the banking turmoil. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Silk, L. (1985, February 20). Economic scene: Expansion\u27s shaky base. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Kristof, N. D. (1985, July 30). Peru debt-payment cap is an important symbol. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1986, May 25). Concern over future of Mexico growing in U.S. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1986, June 10). Renewed respect for family companies\u27 traditional values. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Stockton, W. (1986, June 10). Peso value falls amid uncertainty on Mexico\u27s debt. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Wiggins, P. H. (1990, February 27). Wall Street weathers Japan jolt. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Fuerbringer, J. (1990, February 27). Why world shrugged off Tokyo\u27s stock tumble. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Bartlett, S. (1989, July 24). U.S. efforts to aid debtor nations bring \u27profound disappointment\u27. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Kilborn, P. T. (1989, July 24). U.S., Mexico and banks appear to be near to reaching agreement. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Silk, L. (1990, November 11). Why it\u27s too soon to predict another Great Depression. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
The New York Times. (1990, November 11). Taking the pulse of an ailing economy [Graphic showing recessions and GNP, 1960–1990]. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD.
Arenson, K. W. (1982, July 8). The erosion of American industry. The New York Times. Manuscript in possession of Anwar Shaikh, PhD
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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