1,720,995 research outputs found
Limits of static spatial microsimulation models
No full textThis chapter outlines some of the limits of static spatial microsimulation models. There are four issues covered in this chapter, being data limitations; how adding different benchmark tables affects the results; issues with non-converging areas when too many benchmark tables are specified; and how a non-representative sample for the survey data affects results.Our conclusions are that the main data limitation is getting two comparable datasets; that increasing the number of benchmarks makes the final weights more generalisable but increases the number of non-converging areas; and that using within-area records may give slightly better results for some areas, but not for all areas
Validation of spatial microsimulation models
No full textSpatial microsimulation models, both static and dynamic, are a useful means to estimate area-level data, whatever these data are regarding, be it health, socio-economic status or income/finance. However, in order for planners and government to be able to use and rely on these data, it is essential that the modellers can show that the estimates are an accurate presentation of the real world and are reliable. Generally, to verify the integrity of any model, it is necessary to validate the model outputs, using both internal and external validation methods. However, for spatial microsimulation models, validation is a massive challenge. This is because, generally, these models are used to estimate data that does not otherwise exist, perhaps due to confidentiality reasons (e.g. income or medical data for individuals) and/or because it would be expensive and time consuming to try to collect a large sample of data for the population in question (particularly as, in many countries, national sample datasets already exist, thus it would also be a duplication of both time and money).In this chapter, different methods of validation for both static and dynamic spatial microsimulation models are discussed, including indication of acceptable tolerances for validation measures. We also examine reasons why validation may be poor. We conclude that researchers need to be transparent about their validation methodologies and realistic about the strength of the estimates and accuracy of the models. Working with our colleagues from other disciplines may help us to improve validation methodologies, and working with local authorities and government, in lay language, may increase acceptability of these models
Introduction to spatial microsimulation: History, methods and applications
No full textSpatial microsimulation is a recent addition to the microsimulation field, with early papers by Wilson and Pownall (Area 8:246–254, 1976) and Clarke et al. (A strategic planning simulation model of a district health service system: the in-patient component and results. In: van Elmeren W, Engelbrecht R, Flagle CD (eds) Systems science in health care. Springer, Berlin, 1984). The models created using spatial microsimulation usually come from geographers interested in modelling spatial patterns, but social researchers and economists are also very aware of the importance of location in their research, and many of the spatial microsimulation models have been developed with economic, social research and health topics in mind. This chapter outlines how spatial microsimulation has developed since the early models and also describes some of the applications of spatial microsimulation models and the future of spatial microsimulation
Health Models
No full textHealth is a relatively new application of microsimulation. Early microsimulation models were generally developed for tax-benefit applications. However, over the last decade or so the health applications of microsimulation to health and health policy have proliferated reflecting the complexity of human health and health policy and the significant size and growth of national health budgets. The main areas of development of health microsimulation applications have been in response to the priority questions of government how much do health policies cost, what are their rate of growth and how is their expenditure distributed, how does health differ at the regional level, and increasingly, does the health workforce match the need for health care? There has also been an increasing integration of health-related mortality modelling into dynamic models of longterm socio-economic and health trends. This chapter will summarise the development of microsimulation models and their applications to health published since the year 2000 covering four main applications: health expenditure, spatial analysis, mortality and the health workforce, concluding with a section on emerging applications and future developments..
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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