1,721,006 research outputs found
(30(3):277-284)小菜蛾抗藥性之研究－Ⅰ.調查方法之探討
No full textA sampling method for surveying the insecticide-resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. has been developed in a large vegetable growing area in Taiwan. We identified a diamondback moth population which was homogeneous in the permethrin resistance and the coverage of this population was about five thousand hectares. The result indicated that the diamondback moth has the ability in mixing their different genetic strains in a quite large area. The fact made us believe that the distribution pattern survey of insecticide-resistance in diamondback moth served a real significance in the future pest management study of this pest. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, we further considered that sampling diamondback moth in five separated cruciferus fields in an area of five thousand hectares was both economical and accurate in measuring the insecticide resistance.為建立本省各蔬菜產地小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L.）抗藥程度測定體系，必須了解小菜蛾抗藥品系空間分布與距離之關係，從而決定正確的取樣距離與頻度。此研究係在溪湖、永靖地區約140平方公里範圍之蔬菜栽培區，每隔四至五公里，設置樣本區一處，全區共設立四個樣本區，每一樣本區取樣四個採集點，各點相距約一至二百公尺，均為獨立之十字花科菜田，共計十六處採集點，將所採得小菜蛾幼蟲及蛹携返室內，用不噴殺蟲劑之甘藍菜飼養，取其第一代三齡幼蟲，測定其對培丹及百減靈的半量致死濃度，再將所得資料按區排列，以變方分析不同區間樣本之差異。尋得具共同抗藥程度之族群後，再比較小菜蛾樣本數與平均值之機差關係，由此一關係訂定最經濟的取樣數，但以不嚴重影響統計值的正確性為原則，在此，吾人訂定之容許機差為10%，取樣量為五個樣本點。因為研究結果顯示抗藥族群具相同抗藥力者可涵蓋五千公頃之廣，亦小菜蛾有相當的能力不斷地混合田間的生理小種，樣本點相距數百公尺之差異不大，而在無障礙物時此一現象尤其一致，因此在五千公頃範圍之蔬菜專業區內，只需獨立取樣五點，即可測出有代表性的抗藥程度，供預測之用
(50(4):80-89)小菜蛾抗藥性之研究－XI. 對數種新型殺蟲劑之抗性(1990 ~ 2001)
No full textThe diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, DBM) has developed resistances to almost all conventional insecticides, for example, carbamates, organophosphorus compounds, synthetic pyrethroids, and insect growth regulators. The resistance and cross-resistance amongst these insecticides had been studied and clarified. A strategy by rotating selected insecticides to manage the resistant DBM has been proposed and tested in field, and the result is acceptable to farmers. From 1990 to 2000, many new insecticides with unique mode of actions were registered, and DBM control is no longer a problem for farmers. However, whether DBM also slowly develops resistance to those new insecticides is worth to study. DBM strains were collected from two largest vegetable districts, Hsi-hu and Lu-chu, for testing the resistance profile to newly registered insecticides. The test results confirmed that field DBM has developed resistance to new insecticides except diafenthiuron. The resistance ratios of abamectin and emamectin benzoate between two field DBM populations are 2500~5000 and 300~150 respectively; the resistance ratio of another GABA inhibitor, fipronil, between these two populations is 65~104. The resistance ratio of derivatives of cartap and carbamate, bensultap and benfuracarb between two different populations are 20~30 and 10~30 respectively. The resistance ratio of chiorfenapyr and spinosad between two different populations are 10 and 60 respectively. The DBM resistance to commercial product of neem extract, azadirachtin, is too high for field application practically since the high viscosity of the extracted product plugged the spray nuzzle of sprayer when the concentrated product was used.小菜蛾對傳統殺蟲劑氨基甲酸鹽劑、有機磷劑、合成除蟲菊精劑及昆蟲生長調節劑等抗性之偵測研究已於1980～1990年間完成，並經田間測試減緩抗性發展之對策，以因應此一易發生抗藥性害蟲之防治。而農藥工業界也於1990～2000年間陸續推出各類作用不同的新殺蟲劑，其中登記於小菜蛾者包括免速達、免扶克、阿巴汀、汰芬隆、芬普尼、克凡派、賜諾殺、因滅汀、印楝素及多種新型蘇力菌。但此一期間，本省之小菜蛾田間族群對上列新型藥劑是否已產生抗性則尚有待瞭解。本研究選定溪湖及路竹兩大蔬菜專業區進行採集及藥效測試，結果顯示除了汰芬隆因使用不多，未發現明顯抗藥性外，兩地區之小菜蛾對所有新登記藥劑均產生不同程度之抗性，尤甚者為效果極佳之阿巴汀及經純化之同型藥劑因滅汀，分別有2500～5000倍及150～300倍之抗藥性，而作用同為抑制GABA傳導之另一藥劑芬普尼，也有65～100倍抗性產生。分屬氨基甲酸鹽及培丹類似物之免扶克及免速達，於1997年時之抗性倍數已達20～30倍。作用於粒線體之克凡派抗性約10倍，小菜蛾對賜諾殺之抗性也已有60倍。印楝素亦有抗性產生，且因該藥劑本身極為黏稠，提高濃度更使噴藥不易，而無法使用。1996～97年監測時發現，溪湖及路竹小菜蛾對蘇力菌均有中等程度之抗性，路竹地區「向前走」及「獨佳」兩種製劑之效果均有下降趨勢，但2001年之測試結果仍維持原有之抗性程度。由以上資料研判，近10年來小菜蛾之防治因新藥劑不斷推出，而獲良好之控制，惟因對各類新藥之抗性已逐漸形成，未來5～10年間小菜蛾仍可能因對新藥劑之嚴重抗藥性，再度成為十字花科蔬菜之首要害蟲，故吾人應持續對新型藥劑進行抗性監測及抗藥性對策之研究
(47(2):142-158)應用IRAC Method No.7（葉片浸藥法）偵測小菜蛾對BPU類生長調節劑抗性之研究
No full textResults of the IRAC Method NO.7 (leaf dipping method) were compared to those of the spray tower method in aspect of the resistance of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, to benzoylphenyl urea (BPU)-type insect growth regulators (IGR). The leaf dipping method resulted in 3.29-fold higher BPU-IGR deposit than the spray tower method. The treating period of leaf dipping lasts from 3rd instar to pupation, which is longer than the 48-hour period in the spray tower method. Both the higher dosage and the longer treating period of leaf dipping had resulted in higher sensitivity of the DBM to the treated doses of BPU-type IGR compared to the spray tower method. No anti-feeding effect of BPU-type IGR against DBM was observed.
The susceptibility of a susceptible strain to 4 BPUs, chlorfluazuron, teflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and flufenoxuron, had been determined by using the leaf dipping method. The reproducibility of this method was tested and substantiated by comparing LC50s in the n and n+6 generations of the susceptible strain. The ability of leaf dipping method in detecting the BPU-resistance in DBM was verified by the Independent Student’s t-distribution test, which confirmed the separation of LC50s of the susceptible strain from 3 BPU-resistant strains at 95 % fiducial limits.
We concluded that four to five IGR concentrations in 10-fold increments with water are sufficient for testing BPU-resistance in DBM, except for hexaflumuron, the increment should be adjusted to 4-5 fold. The leaf dipping method is not suitable for synergistic with piperonyl butoxide (PB) due to different methods were applied to the DBM.本研究係比較IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)之建議方法，IRAC Method No. 7（葉片浸藥扶），與噴霧塔兩種方法測試小菜蛾對BPU類生長調節劑抗藥性之差異。葉片之沾藥量方面，葉片浸藥怯高出噴霧塔法3.29倍。葉片浸藥怯之測試時間為三齡蟲至化蛹，較一般噴霧塔方法之48小時為長，未發現小菜蛾對BPU類生長調節劑處理之葉片有拒食現象。由於葉片浸藥法採用較高的處理濃度與較長的測試時間，所得到之感度也比噴霧塔法更高。以葉片浸藥法測試感性與抗性品系小菜蛾對chlorfluazuron、teflubenzuron、hexaflumuron及flufenoxuron四種BPU類生長調節劑感度，並以感性品系測試間隔六代之LC50差異，以確認此一方按之重現性。經以Indcpendent student's t-test分析，證實葉片浸藥怯適用於小菜蛾對BPU類生長調節劑抗藥性之檢測，感性品系小菜蛾與供試之3個抗性品系小菜娥LC50在95%之信賴區間有顯著差異，因而可檢出抗性。四種供試之BPU類生長調節劑中，除hexaflumuron須以4~5倍之濃度間隔測試外，餘均以4至5個連續稀釋十倍之藥劑濃度測試，葉片浸藥法可有效檢測小菜蛾對BPU類生長調節劑之抗藥性。因IRAC Method No. 7係以餵食處理，不適用於BPU類生長調節添加協力劑piperonyl butoxid (PB)之測試
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
(32(2):146-154)小菜蛾抗藥性之研究－III.對三種殺蟲劑之抗性發展及引發之交互抗性
No full textThe toxicity information of twenty-two insecticides on the diamondback moth was obtained by testing a native susceptible I-lan strain. Top five insecticides of all tested compounds are synthetic pyrethroids. Decamethrin is the most effective insecticide and carbaryl is the worst one. Mevinphos and carbofuran are the most effective compound for organophosphates and carbamates respectively. The overall result of toxicity test of I-lan strain is quite comparable to that of a susceptible strain introduced from France. Carbofuran can rapidly induce the resistance developed in the diamondback moth with only minor cross resistance problem in other insecticides. Fenvalerate induced the resistance at a rate slower than that of carbofuran, hut it caused severe cross resistance in the moth. Cartap can only induce the resistance at a very slow rate and result in a moderate cross resistance problem. Both the cartap-resisted and the fenvalerate-resisted strains responded to fenvalerate and decamethrin in a similar fashion but were different from cypermethrin and permethrin.
本試驗係利用本所於民國 69-70 年間於宜蘭所採得之感性品系小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella ( L )，測定買種登記於防洽此蟲之殺蟲劑的基本毒理資料。所測得最有效之前五種均屬人工合成除蟲菊精 ( Synthetic pyrethroids ) ，而其中，又以第滅靈（Decamethrin ）最為有效。數種有機磷劑效果均佳，但以美文松為第一，氨基甲酸鹽類之效果為不理想，僅加保扶尚可，加保利為所有供試藥劑中感度最差者（見表 1）。總體而言，所測得結果與劉明毅等人所測之 FS-品系反應類似（見表 2.）。但宜蘭品系對有機磷類殺蟲劑之感度偏低，似與該類藥劑已在本省使用多年，可能有某種程度之抗藥性發生有關。
在抗藥性誘發試驗中，係以加保扶，培丹及芬化利等三種殺蟲劑之百分之七十五致死濃度（ LC75 ）進行汰選，各世代所需用之 LC75 隨汰選次數而增加，故每代均需重新測定，吾人係以各世代需用之 LC75 增加速率為該藥劑誘發抗藥能力之指標（見圖 1）。一旦抗性品系之抗藥力達十至二十倍時，即可進行交互抗性之測定，測定仍依基本毒理測定方式進行，將所得結果與原有宜蘭品系毒理資料比較，以檢查各抗藥性品系對不同殺蟲劑之交互抗性是否發生及發生程度。
所得結果顯示，加保扶誘發抗藥能力最強，經過 8 世代之汰選，可誘發 36 倍抗藥能力。芬化利則次之， 12 代即可誘發 15 倍之抗藥力。三種供試殺蟲劑中，以培丹之抗性誘發能力最低，經 10 代僅誘發約 10 倍之抗藥力。
抗加保扶品系僅對其他殺蟲劑產生輕微或全無交互抗性，因此，如需於田間換用其他藥劑對付抗加保扶之小菜蛾時，選藥範圍較寬。抗芬化利者，則完全不同，其交互抗性範圍廣泛，程度較嚴重。抗培丹者居中，只對部分殺蟲劑發生中等程度之交互抗性（見表 3.）。
由以上結果，可預測使用不同化學防治藥劑時，小菜蛾之可能反應，因而選用較理想之藥劑進行防治
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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