38 research outputs found
Dying to count : mortality surveillance methods in resource-poor settings
No full textBackground Mortality data are critical to understanding and monitoring changes in population health status over time. Nevertheless, the majority of people living in the world’s poorest countries, where the burden of disease is highest, remain outside any kind of systematic health surveillance. This lack of routine registration of vital events, such as births and deaths, constitutes a major and longstanding constraint on the understanding of patterns of health and disease and the effectiveness of interventions. Localised sentinel demographic and health surveillance strategies are a useful surrogate for more widespread surveillance in such settings, but rigorous, evidence-based methodologies for sample-based surveillance are weak and by no means standardised. This thesis aims to describe, evaluate and refine methodological approaches to mortality measurement in resource-poor settings. Methods Through close collaboration with existing community surveillance operations in a range of settings, this work uses existing data from demographic surveillance sites and community-based surveys using various innovative approaches in order to evaluate and refine methodological approaches to mortality measurement and cause-of-death determination. In doing so, this work explores the application of innovative techniques and procedures for mortality surveillance in relation to the differing needs of those who use mortality data, ranging from global health organisations to local health planners. Results Empirical modelling of sampling procedures in community-based surveys in rural Africa and of random errors in longitudinal data collection sheds light on the effects of various data-capture and quality-control procedures and demonstrates the representativeness and robustness of population surveillance datasets. The development, application and refinement of a probabilistic approach to determining causes of death at the population level in developing countries has shown promise in overcoming the longstanding limitations and issues of standardisation of existing methods. Further adaptation and application of this approach to measure maternal deaths has also been successful. Application of international guidelines on humanitarian crisis detection to mortality surveillance in Ethiopia demonstrates that simple procedures can and, from an ethical perspective, should be applied to sentinel surveillance methods for the prospective detection of important mortality changes in vulnerable populations. Conclusion Mortality surveillance in sentinel surveillance systems in resource-poor settings is a valuable and worthwhile task. This work contributes to the understanding of the effects of different methods of surveillance and demonstrates that, ultimately, the choice of methods for collecting data, assuring data quality and determining causes of death depends on the specific needs and requirements of end users. Surveillance systems have the potential to contribute substantially to developing health care systems in resource-poor countries and should not only be considered as research-oriented enterprises
Risk of psychological distress following severe obstetric complications in Benin: the role of economics, physical health and spousal abuse.
No full textBACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of life-threatening obstetric complications ('near miss') on women's mental health in low- and middle-income countries. AIMS: To examine the relationships between near miss and postpartum psychological distress in the Republic of Benin. METHOD: One-year prospective cohort using epidemiological and ethnographic techniques in a population of women delivering at health facilities. RESULTS: In total 694 women contributed to the study. Except when associated with perinatal death, near-miss events were not associated with greater risk of psychological distress in the 12 months postpartum compared with uncomplicated childbirth. Much of the direct effect of near miss with perinatal death on increased risk of psychological distress was shown to be mediated through wider consequences of traumatic childbirth. CONCLUSIONS: A live baby protects near-miss women from increased vulnerability by giving a positive element in their lives that helps them cope and reduces their risk of psychological distress. Near-miss women with perinatal death should be targeted early postpartum to prevent or treat the development of depressive symptoms
Moving from medical to health systems classifications of deaths : extending verbal autopsy to collect information on the circumstances of mortality
No full textAcknowledgements The authors would also like to acknowledge the field staff at the MRC, SA/Wits Agincourt Unit, particularly Sizzy Ngobeni. The authors also acknowledge Drs Malin Eriksson and Edward Fottrell at Umeå Centre for Global Health Research *UCGHR) who contributed to the development of the SF-VA indicators, Dr Nawi Ng at UCGHR who advised on the cause of death categories, and Dr Kerstin Edin at UCGHR who provided comments on the manuscript categories, and Dr Kerstin Edin who provided comments on the manuscript. Funding A Health Systems Research Initiative Development Grant from the UK Department for International Development (DFID), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Medical Research Council (MRC (and the Wellcome Trust (MR/N005597/1) funds the research presented in this paper. Support for the Agincourt HDSS including verbal autopsies was provided by The Wellcome Trust, UK (grants 058893/Z/99/A; 069683/Z/02/Z; 085477/Z/08/Z; 085477/B/08/Z), and the University of the Witwatersrand and Medical Research Council, South Africa.Peer reviewe
The effect of participatory women's groups on birth outcomes in Bangladesh: does coverage matter? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
No full textBackground: Progress on neonatal survival has been slow in most countries. While there is evidence on what works to reduce newborn mortality, there is limited knowledge on how to deliver interventions effectively when health systems are weak. Cluster randomized trials have shown strong reductions in neonatal mortality using community mobilisation with women's groups in rural Nepal and India. A similar trial in Bangladesh showed no impact. A main hypothesis is that this negative finding is due to the much lower coverage of women's groups in the intervention population in Bangladesh compared to India and Nepal. For evidence-based policy making it is important to examine if women's group coverage is a main determinant of their impact. The study aims to test the effect on newborn and maternal health outcomes of a participatory women's group intervention with a high population coverage of women's groups.Methods: A cluster randomised trial of a participatory women's group intervention will be conducted in 3 districts of rural Bangladesh. As we aim to study a women's group intervention with high population coverage, the same 9 intervention and 9 control unions will be used as in the 2005-2007 trial. These had been randomly allocated using the districts as strata. To increase coverage, 648 new groups were formed in addition to the 162 existing groups that were part of the previous trial. An open cohort of women who are permanent residents in the union in which their delivery or death was identified, is enrolled. Women and their newborns are included after birth, or, if a woman dies during pregnancy, after her death. Excluded are women who are temporary residents in the union in which their birth or death was identified. The primary outcome is neonatal mortality in the last 24 months of the study. A low cost surveillance system will be used to record all birth outcomes and deaths to women of reproductive age in the study population. Data on home care practices and health care use are collected through interviews
Scoping review of community health participatory research projects in Ghana
No full textBackground: Community health participation is an essential tool in health research and management where community members, researchers and other relevant stakeholders contribute to the decision-making processes. Though community participation processes can be complex and challenging, evidence from previous studies have reported significant value of engaging with community in community health projects.
Objective: To identify the nature and extent of community involvement in community health participatory research (CHPR) projects in Ghana and draw lessons for participatory design of a new project on diabetes intervention in Accra called the Contextual Awareness Response and Evaluation (CARE) diabetes project.
Methods: A scoping review of relevant publications on CHPR projects in Ghana which had a participatory component was undertaken. PubMed, PsycINFO, African Journal Online, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Humanities International Complete and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between January 1950 and October 2021. Levac et al.’s (2010) methodological framework for scoping reviews was used to select, collate and characterise the data.
Results: Fifteen studies were included in this review of CHPR projects from multiple disciplines. Participants included community health workers, patients, caregivers, policymakers, community groups, service users and providers. Based on Pretty’s participation typology, several themes were identified in relation to the involvement of participants in the identified studies. The highest levels of participation were found in two studies in the diagnosis, four in the development, five in the implementation and three in the evaluation phases of projects. Community participation across all studies was assessed as low overall. Conclusion: This review showed that community participation is essential in the acceptability and feasibility of research projects in Ghana and highlighted community participation’s role in the diagnosis, development, implementation and evaluation stages of projects. Lessons from this review will be considered in the development, implementation, and future evaluation of the CARE diabetes project
Comparing verbal autopsy cause of death findings as determined by physician coding and probabilistic modelling : a public health analysis of 54 000 deaths in Africa and Asia
No full textBACKGROUND: Coverage of civil registration and vital statistics varies globally, with most deaths in Africa and Asia remaining either unregistered or registered without cause of death. One important constraint has been a lack of fit-for-purpose tools for registering deaths and assigning causes in situations where no doctor is involved. Verbal autopsy (interviewing care-givers and witnesses to deaths and interpreting their information into causes of death) is the only available solution. Automated interpretation of verbal autopsy data into cause of death information is essential for rapid, consistent and affordable processing. METHODS: Verbal autopsy archives covering 54 182 deaths from five African and Asian countries were sourced on the basis of their geographical, epidemiological and methodological diversity, with existing physician-coded causes of death attributed. These data were unified into the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy standard format, and processed using the InterVA-4 model. Cause-specific mortality fractions from InterVA-4 and physician codes were calculated for each of 60 WHO 2012 cause categories, by age group, sex and source. Results from the two approaches were assessed for concordance and ratios of fractions by cause category. As an alternative metric, the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test with two one-sided tests for stochastic equivalence was used. FINDINGS: The overall concordance correlation coefficient between InterVA-4 and physician codes was 0.83 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.91) and this increased to 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99) when HIV/AIDS and pulmonary TB deaths were combined into a single category. Over half (53%) of the cause category ratios between InterVA-4 and physician codes by source were not significantly different from unity at the 99% level, increasing to 62% by age group. Wilcoxon tests for stochastic equivalence also demonstrated equivalence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show strong concordance between InterVA-4 and physician-coded findings over this large and diverse data set. Although these analyses cannot prove that either approach constitutes absolute truth, there was high public health equivalence between the findings. Given the urgent need for adequate cause of death data from settings where deaths currently pass unregistered, and since the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy standard and InterVA-4 tools represent relatively simple, cheap and available methods for determining cause of death on a large scale, they should be used as current tools of choice to fill gaps in cause of death data
Implementation of national policies and interventions ( WHO Best Buys ) for non-communicable disease prevention and control in Ghana: a mixed methods analysis
No full textBackground: The World Health Organization (WHO) encourages all member states to adopt and implement a package of essential evidence-based interventions called the Best Buys to reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To date, little is known about the implementation of national policies and interventions for NCD control in the WHO member states in sub-Saharan Africa. Our study aimed to evaluate the implementation of national policies and interventions (WHO Best Buys) for non-communicable disease prevention and control in Ghana. Methods: This was explanatory mixed methods research which started with a document review of Ghana’s WHO Best Buys scores from the 2015, 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2022 WHO NCD Progress Monitor Reports. Thereafter, we conducted 25 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion (11 participants) with key policymakers and stakeholders in the NCD landscape in Ghana to understand the implementation of the NCD policies and interventions, and the policy implementation gaps and challenges faced. Data from the NCD Progress reports were presented using mean scores whilst the qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results: Ghana has shown some advancements in the implementation of the WHO Best Buys measures. Ghana’s implementation scores for 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2022 were 5.0, 9.0, 5.0 and 5.5 respectively, against the mean implementation scores of 7.6/19 for lower-middle-income countries and 9.5/19 for upper-middle-income countries. Efforts to decrease major risk factors such as excessive alcohol consumption and unhealthy diet have been progressing slowly. The most common challenges were related to a) the role of socio-cultural factors, b) stakeholder engagement, c) enforcement and implementation of public health policies, d) implementation guidelines, e) public awareness and education on NCDs, f) financing of NCD prevention and control, g) curative-centered health systems, and h) over-centralization of NCD care. Conclusion: Ghana has made progress in adopting the WHO Best Buys targeting risk factors of NCDs. However, the country faces contextual barriers to effective implementation. With the retrogression of some measures over time despite making progress in some earlier years, further investigation is needed to identify facilitators for sustained implementation of the WHO Best Buys interventions
Participatory learning and action cycles with women s groups to prevent neonatal death in low-resource settings: A multi-country comparison of cost-effectiveness and affordability.
No full textWHO recommends participatory learning and action cycles with women's groups as a cost-effective strategy to reduce neonatal deaths. Coverage is a determinant of intervention effectiveness, but little is known about why cost-effectiveness estimates vary significantly. This article reanalyses primary cost data from six trials in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Malawi to describe resource use, explore reasons for differences in costs and cost-effectiveness ratios, and model the cost of scale-up. Primary cost data were collated, and costing methods harmonized. Effectiveness was extracted from a meta-analysis and converted to neonatal life-years saved. Cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated from the provider perspective compared with current practice. Associations between unit costs and cost-effectiveness ratios with coverage, scale and intensity were explored. Scale-up costs and outcomes were modelled using local unit costs and the meta-analysis effect estimate for neonatal mortality. Results were expressed in 2016 international dollars. The average cost was 61-135 to $1627. The intervention was highly cost-effective when using income-based thresholds. Variation in cost-effectiveness across trials was strongly correlated with costs. Removing discounting of costs and life-years substantially reduced all cost-effectiveness ratios. The cost of rolling out the intervention to rural populations ranges from 1.2% to 6.3% of government health expenditure in the four countries. Our analyses demonstrate the challenges faced by economic evaluations of community-based interventions evaluated using a cluster randomized controlled trial design. Our results confirm that women's groups are a cost-effective and potentially affordable strategy for improving birth outcomes among rural populations
Stillbirths: Rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030
No full textAn estimated 2·6 million third trimester stillbirths occurred in 2015 (uncertainty range 2·4-3·0 million). The number of stillbirths has reduced more slowly than has maternal mortality or mortality in children younger than 5 years, which were explicitly targeted in the Millennium Development Goals. The Every Newborn Action Plan has the target of 12 or fewer stillbirths per 1000 births in every country by 2030. 94 mainly high-income countries and upper middle-income countries have already met this target, although with noticeable disparities. At least 56 countries, particularly in Africa and in areas aff ected by confl ict, will have to more than double present progress to reach this target. Most (98%) stillbirths are in low-income and middle-income countries. Improved care at birth is essential to prevent 1·3 million (uncertainty range 1·2-1·6 million) intrapartum stillbirths, end preventable maternal and neonatal deaths, and improve child development. Estimates for stillbirth causation are impeded by various classifi cation systems, but for 18 countries with reliable data, congenital abnormalities account for a median of only 7·4% of stillbirths. Many disorders associated with stillbirths are potentially modifi able and often coexist, such as maternal infections (population attributable fraction: malaria 8·0% and syphilis 7·7%), non-communicable diseases, nutrition and lifestyle factors (each about 10%), and maternal age older than 35 years (6·7%). Prolonged pregnancies contribute to 14·0% of stillbirths. Causal pathways for stillbirth frequently involve impaired placental function, either with fetal growth restriction or preterm labour, or both. Two-thirds of newborns have their births registered. However, less than 5% of neonatal deaths and even fewer stillbirths have death registration. Records and registrations of all births, stillbirths, neonatal, and maternal deaths in a health facility would substantially increase data availability. Improved data alone will not save lives but provide a way to target interventions to reach more than 7000 women every day worldwide who experience the reality of stillbirth. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.Funding text 1: We thank the staff of the General Bureau of Statistics of Suriname, Malaysian National Statistical Office, Central Informatics Organisation of Bahrain, Turkish Statistical Institute, National Statistical Committee Belarus, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (Mexico), Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Costa Rica), and Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chile) for their assistance in responding to queries in their country's stillbirth rate data. We thank Josh Vogel and the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network for their assistance in reanalysing the stillbirth rate data from the WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health and the WHO Multi-country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. No specific funding was received for the Lancet Ending preventable stillbirths Series but the time of HB and JEL for the stillbirth rate estimates was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through Save the Children's Saving Newborn Lives programme. JFF was funded in part by a technical support grant from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation and by the Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (project number 223269 ), which is funded by the Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence scheme and the University of Bergen, Norway . The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the Series. ; Funding text 2: We thank the staff of the General Bureau of Statistics of Suriname, Malaysian National Statistical Offi ce, Central Informatics Organisation of Bahrain, Turkish Statistical Institute, National Statistical Committee Belarus, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (Mexico), Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (Costa Rica), and Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chile) for their assistance in responding to queries in their country’s stillbirth rate data. We thank Josh Vogel and the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network for their assistance in reanalysing the stillbirth rate data from the WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health and the WHO Multi-country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. No specifi c funding was received for the Lancet Ending preventable stillbirths Series but the time of HB and JEL for the stillbirth rate estimates was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through Save the Children’s Saving Newborn Lives programme. JFF was funded in part by a technical support grant from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation and by the Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (project number 223269), which is funded by the Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence scheme and the University of Bergen, Norway. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the Series.; Funding text 3: Bangladesh Kishwar Azad (Diabetic Association of Bangladesh Perinatal Care Project, Dhaka), Anisur Rahman, Shams El-Arifeen (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka), Louise T Day, Stacy L Saha, Shafiul Alam (LAMB Integrated Rural Health and Development, Dinajpur); Bhutan Sonam Wangdi (Ministry of Health, Thimphu); Burkina Faso Tinga Fulbert Ilboudo (District Health Information System 2, Ouagadougou); China Jun Zhu, Juan Liang, Yi Mu, Xiaohong Li (West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan), Nanbert Zhong (Peking University Center of Medical Genetics, Beijing); Cyprus Theopisti Kyprianou (Ministry of Health, Nicosia); Estonia Kärt Allvee (Estonian Birth and Abortion Registries, Tallinn); Finland Mika Gissler (National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki); France Jennifer Zeitlin (INSERM [EURO-PERISTAT], Paris); Gambia Abdouli Bah, Lamin Jawara (Health Management Information System, Banjul); Ghana Peter Waiswa (INDEPTH network, Maternal and Newborn Working Group, Accra); Germany Nicholas Lack (Bavarian Institute for Quality Assurance, Munich); Guatemala Flor de Maria Herandez (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Guatemala City); India Neena Shah More (Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action, Mumbai), Nirmala Nair, Prasanta Tripathy (Ekjut, Jharkhand/Orissa), Rajesh Kumar, Ariarathinam Newtonraj, Manmeet Kaur, Madhu Gupta (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh), Beena Varghese (Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi); Lithuania Jelena Isakova (Institute of Hygiene, Vilnius), Malawi Tambosi Phiri, Jennifer A Hall (MaiMwana, Mchinji); Moldova Ala Curteanu (Mother and Child Institute, Chisinau); Nepal Dharma Manandhar (Mother and Infant Research Association, Kathmandu); Netherlands Chantal Hukkelhoven, Joyce Dijs-Elsinga (Perined, Utrecht); Norway Kari Klungsøyr (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo), Olva Poppe (Univesity of Oslo, Oslo); Portugal Henrique Barros, Sofia Correia (EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto); Georgia Shorena Tsiklauri (GEOSTAT, Tbilisi); Slovakia Jan Cap, Zuzana Podmanicka (Statistics Slovakia, Bratislava); Poland Katarzyna Szamotulska (Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw); South Africa Robert Pattison (South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town); Sudan Ahmed Ali Hassan (Sudan Stillbirth Society, Khartoum); Sweden Aimable Musafili (Uppsala University, Uppsala), Sanni Kujala (Karolinska Institute, Solna), Anna Bergstrom (Uppsala University, Uppsala), Jens Langhoff-Roos (University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen), Ellen Lundqvist (National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm); Uganda Daniel Kadobera (Makerere University Iganga, Iganga); UK Anthony Costello, Tim Colbourn, Edward Fottrell, Audrey Prost, David Osrin, Carina King, Melissa Neuman (University College London, London), Jane Hirst (University of Oxford, Oxford), Sayed Rubayet (Save the Children, London), Vicki Flenady (Mater University, Dublin), Lucy Smith, Bradley N Manktelow, Elizabeth S Draper (University of Leicester, MBRRACE-UK, Leicester)
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No full textPAGE TWO
DAILY PAI.O AITO TIMES. TUESDAY. AUGUST 4. 1914-
SDaibg iltmes Editorial page
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POLITICAL CARDS
S. W. CHARLES
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,1 \ ,
v.i-c -he ittii*i begin life ovei again
What is nm* of Chicago it true in *•"- **" S< H«lca_ loll r..,.i good
mn way or another ol most ..i the V,;U|" ■" Sacramento Vallej and
princina.1 cities ot the country fohn ■*' '■ i;!"" x" ValJeju*, Fairtield.
1 iinilii VV illnce in I Can-'- ^^ inters. Fly, Madison, m.,, k- gia
lion, Duiinigaii, Vrbuckle, Williams,
'• "' ' 1 ,'ll-i jlllli-ll-'tt, I.i S I.I.llllClll*. ill
GOOD AUTO ROADS r.-*t -i Colu*a. then, via West Bmtc
''■ Califoeaia Siiic iXolomuhtle ...|.i Sattei Cil) to Maryarille. Un
..::.' ■ 1 seni .mi ihe follow ..,•,,, .„„[ k,,.. iiie) ,, , -. (■..■:!-„
i : gnid" to lii-doi cnlhusiaati <;l jjum'tiun t-* M..v«. I. Willow. O
when- the gootl road* arc within ibe |nmj. Corning, IVhami* Ki I Ulttfl
mate If. om want* to wake -. i; 1 u ,,.| ■ . \i< t - | ...
' ' il '-i--".-- him to pick oui tin |;r.i [Hull via Payttcs creek and
■ ''- Mineral '■■ MsWgan Springs which u
I miles .-.-■ -I Red
M irkei \ lem-ia - ,;, . fro .1 -■■hum; ..i Mi Lass.
' ■ ■ ' 111 Col ... .in.;
II ( - living 1 ,, . ■ 1 I't-Mtn 1
* \\ --im.ni* V'ics ■ 1 -
/ louri***
Mi rgati Hill ■ No
fllx reels of thrilling story In
rt [which over six hundred people take
•tilier tn Itartlctt Sorloes orl'*ar* *B^ *n •mm9at9 amount of CI-
ll.LiHan.l Springs. ..ml retain via »««••• ****** "» «•*«• wl" >* •**•"
N.ii.i Vally Route Mt St Helen.'"" v,i' nolinas, Oletha. To
...I..1...., Valley Ford. Freefloni „.t.
Occidental, Camp Meeker, two ne«
bridges erected between Camp Meek
it and Monte- Km but road i* nar
ro* m places foi lart-r < ■
driving necessary, thence i<* Cava
dero. deep grade 1«m good, to Ste
wart- Point .-unl I'i Arena, roail h
■**• i'"l condition imi narrow in placet
C. H. 1AMES
CentLiUte for
COHONKH ASH I'l'llLK'
AOMlMSTHATillt
Primary i*lc*tli*'n August r_5.
j. 6. McMillan
Foil Sl'HVKYOH
M-- ■-- ..■ sa
*""'"
.1,,
t) dswtatl
V."Z"A2",
J
d
otb^r
H. W. OTTER
< ,.,.li,i ..-■ fur
COUNTY ASSESSOR
Han*a .l.r. Cematf.
l-rimar/ plp.tl"D AuKu-t SS,
int..
WIDEAWAKE Pllll'i.I. SAVE
MONEr l.V READING THE
ADS. IN THIS PAPER.
WATCH THEM I0K BARGAINS
D. T. BATEMAN
< un 1,ilii.' fur
OOCNTY Ht 'PKKINTKSIIKST
OF BCHO01A
■ !ii' 11 m tie ut 1
Primary Hertloa Augu*t _3.
1014.
TOTAL REGISTRATION
OF VOTERS TO JULY 35J
X_C ftltiri* nfgfffyattisw ut 11.*' '
• ounty up to July ISth haa been
footed up by 11. ,\. Pflstor. couBtyj
ierk, showing ns follows;
Itepuldlcflii 17.",i."
Progressive 6,833
Democratic 7,312
Prohibition !..'».
Socialist 1 Foothill it rule Ae*
itm-j 01 springs.
Feather If
.. Onisille via '
bene* lo 1j - - . . Moltawk. t li...
biily, Sin Honey 1 (o
-,.... i.ill.-. return via (lit \|« -;--,i-
-. Re.l lUnll ihc-n . „ \: »
veil ami Hla I Si il on 1 \ '
Imolit Tahoe Rontc Via I' .. .
lighaaj . ■
igh_c_) throuuli Auburn.
*"'t"a\. \ll:i. T'rilcki C, 'I -:!II ■■ th- -i- ■
1, Mi Nmiitv- trromtll I -HitiM l',-j>
■• Tallac, return \i.i Lincoln and
-Tiu Highway* -.. Jltceryiltc.
■- * Vi" - to Foltom.
V.-ciiMir Vallej Rouie Via State
Ifgnwayl ^aIlc^ route l- M--.K-;.. a,
iciioc b I r I from M.v-
Wateriord, Hikknun. I-a
'■: *.: a.in dally except
,:■■■] :i ,i- ilailv
TheFURNITNRE EXCHANGE
1 nuiiH r. j ,., s.**Fl.l, Jit.. IToprletor. 4
2 S-eeeaaor ta Wetzel A Itussall O
FURNITURE -
L -- - — --»—. STHKKT
BOUORT, B0U>, BXCHANOBD ASH HKSTKH. OKT MV PRICKS
B7--. Cr 16 11.111. dally except Sun
:'.; 8:31 s.m. daily.
II l:*SS am. dally except Sun
11 7:l( a iu. dally except Sun.
II It", a.m. daily.
15 ::..'. .1 m dully aaeapl Sua
It **:;: :i tn, dnlly.
29 !>: 13 a.in dally.
i'.t 10: 13 a in dally.
31 11:85 a.m. dally.
'.* i::K< p.m. dally.
33— 3:0i |im, dally.
7.1 3. n» p in. Satordoy only.
S3— t:3.*. p.m. dally.
S3— ti 10 p.m. dally.
tti— 6:17 p.m. dally.
-1 ■ 7:03 p m. da'ly.
S7— S:*t( p.m. dally.
71 0:1*1 p.m. Sunday only.
51 -111:11;, p in. Flags.
•J— IO::-* p.m. Sat. and Sun. only.
r'ltoM A\S PKAKOISOa
— .'.-.tr- a.m. dally.
— 7:31 a.m. dally.
— 8:07 p.m. daily exrept Sun
-— 9: It a.m. dally Pac Grov.
l.KT IS SWF ViH HONRY
New Standard Dictionary
».a u> eta.
roMl'I.KTK stock oi- i:ri:uiin\» ami home l-.Nivsn.
SITV I.II1KM11
Stanford Bookstore
TBUEPHOXR MM-Ai, oi.
via.Los Oatos and San'a Crui
— 9:51 a.m. dally. S. C Obispo
— 11:60 a.m. dally. Mayfield
—12:50 p.m. dally.
— 2:27 p.m. Mayfield. Sat. only.
— 2:56 p.m. Flags. Watsonvllle
Junction snd Kast.
— 3:22 p.m. dslly Walsonrillt
Junction via Santa Crux.
— 3:58 p.m. dally. tVatsnnvilie.
Junction Via Gllroy.
— 4:15 pm. daily. Mayfield
— 5:30 p.m. dslly.
—; 6:06 p.m. dally excep* Sun.
— 6:13 p.m. dally except Sua.
— 6:46 p.m. daily.
— 7:15 p.m. Mayfield. Except
Saturday for San Joae.
— 7:32 p.m. dally.
— 9:16 p.m. dslly.
— 10:31 p.m. dally.
4 foot Wood
8.00
Per Cord
Delivered
F. L. WORRELL
Phone 35
A. M. FREE
ISIII IMSTUHT ATTOKNKV
A Bunted .Ian,
KI-Oi„n AllKU.I 2.1. llll I.
WILLIAM A. BEASLY
1 Incumbent 1
Jt iMiK OF THK sl PKHIOH
OOIHT
I'nii 1.ii) •l.-ii .11 Amru*t _-*i.
(.-■ii. 1 .- election Sovember
:i, ioi 1.
LANGFORD
1 m: -.m,nil 1
ItK Sl'HK TH VOTK At ti. tS.
HUGH A. DeLACY
t\\niii\rK lull siiKiiii 1
of Santo 1 :... . t'ounty.
lit. Nam. WW UppSBI OS I-..-.. I ..k.l
PriaMivgtactkMt. ti-ajast.^t 1.1*
f'.rnrrsl I.la.t.i.n, N,.irml--r j I'.ti
IRVING L. RYDER
(-•■n.lMl.t. ....
COUNTY SURVEYOR
I',.,.,,, r'r. luu. \ucu.l 2-1.
ID...
Reduced Prices
on
GO-CARIS
and
REFRIGERATORS
During July
PENNEBAKER
FURNITURE CO.
273 University Ave.
Phone 425k
JAMES H. MURPHY
POn >1IKHII'K
of Snntfi (Tarn t'outity
Bubject to tht* will of tin*
volsrs at the primary election,
August. ?:-. IIU.
Gt-nrral stectloo Nor. 3d.
FOB st I'KHIOH Jl DOM
CHAS. W. DAVISON
Pr,111.hi i-l.- 1 \ti--it-l '-'•.
Bradford S. Crittenden
*"Vll IM*iTKKT ATTOHSK1
\oD|Mtrtisun fount j t'onfrrence
(*niididal«*.
l*Tiinary H-rt,"ii Au_u*t \i-\ 1011.
MILTON L. DAHL
Plumbing and
|Sheet Metal
Work
ITsMren hy his low prices.
I'roTcn by his cood aarvlca*.
JimitlM. 1'KiiMPll V AT-
TKSHKH TO AND It'T IS
i.mil* ORHKIt
SIMM* ASH OFK1CK
32.1 AI.MA Rt. I'lloM. fl
CAI.IKOHMA'S t'HAMl'IOS I\ fOS«HKHH Kolt TK\ VKAKS
JOSEPH R. KNOWLAND
for United States Senator
Kouarht for th<* l"n-tf* turn of Oh* *.r.-.ii Indu*tr1t»* of Hi* Stair.
H.s Ptil.ti. lla...nl It* Hi* Halfcai.
Nickel Epiframs.
Tb* &AILV T1MCS -.11 par ««« *ee.t* (,.r ^r.-nnsl cptarsms tm 1.
An rytfrtPt ts .1.-M.--I »l brifhl (honsht ln*-'| rs-.ii-s***.|. >r-! .
surprisa- ihr rn.Ui «itb a vtit-rism or sn lagsaiaas
It need nnt he utiritsl; on Ibe rmitrsr*. (.■mr-timenlsr* i*a|naa st- Slllaliafl
Condition* Thr rp.frsm* mast r-tltrr dtrm!-r In Pslo .Ml,, sn I iu»i-jl# •-.- -vso-.r oi
Pslo Alio. The. miiH not rsrs-rl tt wards rach in l^ngih. i; » -,,---
f-rrrrd. A t.-n'ribtst-r mi sub-ait a* min- rr<«r«m. *• tir . .-. ■ : • \
TIMKS will par s n«kel bxe *sch on* -KXs*r*lt-l fof -j*jb:--*n,.,-- F_<h rp.fs-i start
to -uci-.rd.ia oidfr U -nJcntif-* ito •wls-sr bat (f isWSM. -sill to a*e4 «iih«---* ito
.ulboi's tvssK »IUtto*l Wt mint s 1+twe tetaaAj of n,rtr , . . ... , . . . „,
thup'r r-miBdin-* oor trnlr*s t>( thr »ttr«;.ta* at p.1,, .\'i 1- ! < ■- -,
To tto aalhors •! tbr tsre bniS*r»i snd hot j-piyrs—
Dnilp iPalo aito tTimr
