290 research outputs found
Current livestock immunisation strategies have not unlocked the full potential of animal vaccines
No full textLessons from Kenya and Uganda highlight that current vaccine delivery and uptake practices can undermine the potential of animal vaccines. Edna Mutua explains why financial costs, intrahousehold dynamics and a lack of adequate infrastructure and supplies determine whether livestock keepers have their animals vaccinated
Community Adaptation To Malaria And Rift Valley Fever In Baringo County, Kenya
No full textCommunity Adaptation to Malaria and Rift Valley Fever in Baringo County
Malaria and Rift Valley Fever (RVF) are climate sensitive mosquito borne diseases of great public health concern. Baringo County experiences seasonal transmission of malaria during the rainy season while RVF was reported for the first and only time in 2006-2007 during the El-Nino rains. This study sought to establish the extent of community adaptation to malaria and RVF among community members in Baringo County. A mixed methods approach was adopted. Key informant interviews (KII) with veterinary officers, nurses and community members; focus group discussions (FGDs) with community members and observations generated qualitative data while surveys with household members (n=560), livestock traders (n=203) and slaughter facility workers (n=10) produced quantitative data. Analyses for FGDs and KIIs were conducted through content analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using summary and inferential statistics.
The results indicate that communities had bio-medical and local knowledge of malaria etiology and engaged in socio-cultural practices that influenced their vulnerability to the disease. Communities coped with malaria using both traditional and conventional methods of vector control. At the onset of suspected malaria, 28.9% of respondents sought care from a health facility, 37.2% used painkillers, 26.6% herbal remedies, 2.2% remnant malaria medicines, 2.2% over-the-counter anti-malaria drugs, 1% traditional healers and 1.8% other treatments. Subsequent treatment was sought in health facilities. Their ability to deal with malaria was compromised by lack of or limited bed nets, inconsistent use of bed nets and non-compliance to malaria medicine.
In contrast to malaria, the communities had little knowledge of RVF etiology and seasonality but reported that the main avenues through which an individual could be infected with any zoonotic disease were consumption of meat (79.2%) and milk (73.7%) or contact with blood from sick animals (40%). Ownership of susceptible livestock species, risky consumption patterns of livestock products, and poor handling of sick and dead animals increased community vulnerability to RVF. There were neither community led initiatives towards prevention of human/animal RVF cases nor sensitization campaigns.
In conclusion, communities in Baringo had a better adaptive capacity for malaria than RVF and more action is required to make them resilient to both diseases. The study therefore recommends that continuous health education regarding the importance of adopting prevention and management measures of malaria and RVF infections be provided to community members in appropriate formats. In addition, strengthening of veterinary services and inclusion of communities in participatory disease surveillance will enhance the County’s ability to detect livestock disease outbreaks
Human Rights NGOs in East Africa : Political and Normative Tensions /
No full textCritically explores the anatomy of the human rights movement in East Africa, examining its origins, challenges, and emergent themes in the context of political transitions in the region. In particular, the book seeks to understand the political and normative challenges that face this young but vibrant civil society in the vortex of globalization.Critically explores the anatomy of the human rights movement in East Africa, examining its origins, challenges, and emergent themes in the context of political transitions in the region. In particular, the book seeks to understand the political and normative challenges that face this young but vibrant civil society in the vortex of globalization.Electronic reproduction.Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.Makau Mutua is Dean, SUNY Distinguished Professor, Professor of Law, Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst Faculty Scholar, and Director of the Human Rights Center at the State University of New York at Buffalo Law School. He is the author of Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique, also published by the University of Pennsylvania Press.Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (publisher’s Web site, viewed October 27 2015
Gender and One Health, reflections from two Rift Valley fever research projects
No full textKenya One Health Conference, 6-8 December 202
Effect of climatic variability on malaria trends in Baringo County, Kenya
No full textAbstract Background Malaria transmission in arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya such as Baringo County, is seasonal and often influenced by climatic factors. Unravelling the relationship between climate variables and malaria transmission dynamics is therefore instrumental in developing effective malaria control strategies. The main aim of this study was to describe the effects of variability of rainfall, maximum temperature and vegetation indices on seasonal trends of malaria in selected health facilities within Baringo County, Kenya. Methods Climate variables sourced from the International Research Institute (IRI)/Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) climate database and malaria cases reported in 10 health facilities spread across four ecological zones (riverine, lowland, mid-altitude and highland) between 2004 and 2014 were subjected to a time series analysis. A negative binomial regression model with lagged climate variables was used to model long-term monthly malaria cases. The seasonal Mann–Kendall trend test was then used to detect overall monotonic trends in malaria cases. Results Malaria cases increased significantly in the highland and midland zones over the study period. Changes in malaria prevalence corresponded to variations in rainfall and maximum temperature. Rainfall at a time lag of 2 months resulted in an increase in malaria transmission across the four zones while an increase in temperature at time lags of 0 and 1 month resulted in an increase in malaria cases in the riverine and highland zones, respectively. Conclusion Given the existence of a time lag between climatic variables more so rainfall and peak malaria transmission, appropriate control measures can be initiated at the onset of short and after long rains seasons
Novedades en asistencia mutua: la Directiva 2010/24/UE y el Real Decreto-Ley 20/2011
No full textIn the following paper, the author makes a study of the main novelties introduced by Directive 2010/24/EU Mutual Assistance in tax collection, that should be object of incorporation in their national legislation by the Member States before 1st January 2012, as well as the particularities of the transposition carried out in our country by Real Decreto-Ley 20/2011, that should be object of incorporation in their national legislation by the Member States before 1 January 2012, as well as the particularities of the transposition carried out in our country by Real Decreto-Ley 20/2011.
This study is an analysis of the basis and scope of the changes operated in the General Tax Law as a result of the inclusion in it of the fundamental aspects of mutual assistance in tax collection.En el siguiente trabajo, el autor realiza un estudio de las principales novedades introducidas en la asistencia mutua en materia de recaudación por la Directiva 2010/24/UE, que debía ser objeto de incorporación en sus legislaciones por los Estados miembros antes del 1 de enero de 2012, así como las particularidades de la transposición realizada en nuestro país por el Real Decreto-Ley 20/2011.
Este estudio supone por tanto un análisis del fundamento y alcance de las modificaciones operadas en la Ley General Tributaria como consecuencia de la inclusión en la misma de los aspectos fundamentales de la asistencia mutua en materia de recaudación
La asistencia mutua e intercambio de información en materia tributaria
No full textLa contribución del profesor Calderón a la Parte II de esta obra dedicada a la
Fiscalidad de la UE, fue realizada en el marco de las actividades del Polo de Excelencia-
Miembro integrante del" Centro de Excelencia Jean Monnet: Instituciones y Derecho de la
UE" de la UDC (IEU), reconocido y financiado por la UE.[Resumen]: Analiza la compleja regulación europea de la asistencia mutua e intercambio de información tributaria. Esta regulación ha evolucionado de forma muy dinámica durante las últimas décadas, de manera que la regulación inicial derivada de la Directiva 77/799/CE, fue objeto de varias modificaciones hasta que fue reemplazada por una nueva Directiva -la Directiva 2011/16/UE o DAC1—que, a su vez, fue modificada en siete ocasiones más (DAC 2: Directiva 2014/107/UE; DAC 3: Directiva 2015/2376/UE; DAC 4: Directiva 2016/881/UE; DAC 5: Directiva 2016/2258/UE; DAC 6: Directiva 2018/822/UE; DAC 7: 2021/514; y DAC 8 (2023/2226:); tal evolución todavía sigue en marcha, al haberse iniciado la consulta de la DAC 9 en relación con las obligaciones de declaración e intercambio de información respecto de la imposición global mínima del Pilar 2.
Este Capítulo analiza toda evolución de la regulación europea de la asistencia mutua en materia tributaria, examinando el alcance de sus disposiciones a la hora de establecer mecanismos de intercambio de información rogado, espontáneo y automático, así cómo otras formas y mecanismos de asistencia mutua a través de notificaciones transfronterizas, o inspecciones multilaterales coordinadas.
Se examinan con gran detalle todos estos mecanismos y su funcionamiento desde la perspectiva de las administraciones tributarias, considerando su función sistémica al servicio del control fiscal internacional y de la preservación de la integridad del sistema tributario de los Estados miembros. La funcionalidad de la asistencia mutua internacional a escala europea ha ido evolucionando considerando no sólo la globalización económica y las posibilidades que brinda el Derecho de la UE en relación con las libertades fundamentales y su ejercicio en el mercado interior, sino también la interconexión de los mecanismos de asistencia mutua internacional con el Proyecto OCDE/BEPS, uno de cuyos ejes pasa precisamente por la articulación de nuevos estándares de transparencia fiscal internacional (acciones 5 y 13 del Proyecto BEPS 2012-2015). Se analiza igualmente la interrelación de los estándares de transparencia con la Lista Pan-Europea de jurisdicciones no Cooperativas en materia tributaria aprobada por el ECOFIN el 5 de diciembre de 2017, y cómo ello termina representando una evolución del concepto de “paraíso fiscal”, con implicaciones de gran alcance para la arquitectura del sistema fiscal internacional.
Este detallado análisis de la evolución y funcionalidad de los distintos mecanismos de asistencia mutua articulados a nivel europeo a través de la DAC, no sólo se conecta con el Proyecto BEPS y los nuevos estándares de transparencia fiscal que resultan del mismo, sino que el autor analiza toda esta compleja regulación europea desde la perspectiva de los derechos de los contribuyentes; tal conexión y análisis obliga a conectar la DAC con la regulación constitucional y legal de los derechos de los contribuyentes (CE, CEDH, Carta Europea de Derechos fundamentales, LGT, etc); fruto de este análisis se aportan evidencias de un déficit de protección de los derechos de los contribuyentes en el marco de los procedimientos de asistencia mutua, haciéndose reflexiones al respecto de cara a salvaguardar tales derechos y garantías fundamentales de los obligados tributarios. En este mismo orden de cosas, el Capítulo objeto de reseña comprende también un estudio pormenorizado de la jurisprudencia europea e internacional en materia de asistencia mutua en materia tributaria, extrayéndose las principales consecuencias de tales pronunciamientos, particularmente de las sentencias del TJUE en los asuntos Sabou y Berlioz, entre otros.[Abstract]: It analyzes the complex European regulation of mutual assistance and exchange of tax information. This regulation has evolved very dynamically over the last decades, so that the initial regulation derived from Directive 77/799/EC, was subject to several amendments until it was replaced by a new Directive - Directive 2011/16/EU or DAC1 - which, in turn, was amended seven more times (DAC 2: Directive 2014/107/EU; DAC 3: Directive 2015/2376/EU; CRD 4: Directive 2016/881/EU; CRD 5: Directive 2016/2258/EU; CRD 6: Directive 2018/822/EU; CRD 7: 2021/514; and CRD 8 (2023/2226:); such developments are still ongoing, with the consultation of CRD 9 having been initiated in relation to reporting and information exchange obligations in respect of Pillar 2 minimum overall taxation.
This Chapter analyzes all developments in the European regulation of mutual assistance in tax matters, examining the scope of its provisions in establishing mechanisms for the exchange of information on request, spontaneous and automatic, as well as other forms and mechanisms of mutual assistance through cross-border notifications, or coordinated multilateral inspections.
All these mechanisms and their functioning are examined in great detail from the perspective of the tax administrations, considering their systemic role in the service of international tax control and the preservation of the integrity of the tax system of the Member States. The functionality of international mutual assistance at the European level has been evolving considering not only economic globalization and the possibilities offered by EU law in relation to fundamental freedoms and their exercise in the internal market, but also the interconnection of international mutual assistance mechanisms with the OECD/BEPS Project, one of whose axes passes precisely through the articulation of new international tax transparency standards (actions 5 and 13 of the BEPS Project 2012-2015). It also analyzes the interrelation of transparency standards with the Pan-European List of Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions in tax matters approved by ECOFIN on December 5, 2017, and how this ends up representing an evolution of the concept of “tax haven”, with far-reaching implications for the architecture of the international tax system.
This detailed analysis of the evolution and functionality of the different mutual assistance mechanisms articulated at the European level through the CAD, not only connects with the BEPS Project and the new tax transparency standards resulting from it, but the author analyzes all this complex European regulation from the perspective of taxpayers' rights; This connection and analysis makes it necessary to connect the CAD with the constitutional and legal regulation of taxpayers' rights (EC, ECHR, European Charter of Fundamental Rights, GLT, etc.); as a result of this analysis, evidence is provided of a deficit in the protection of taxpayers' rights in the framework of mutual assistance procedures, and reflections are made in this regard with a view to safeguarding such rights and fundamental guarantees of taxpayers. In the same vein, the Chapter under review also includes a detailed study of the European and international case law on mutual assistance in tax matters, extracting the main consequences of such pronouncements, particularly the judgments of the CJEU in the Sabou and Berlioz cases, among others
Evaluating the impacts of livestock microcredit and value chain programs on women’s empowerment using the women’s empowerment in agriculture index (WEAI)
No full textWhy Redraw the Map of Africa: A Moral and Legal Inquiry
No full textThe author argues in this Article that the post-colonial state, the uncritical successor of the colonial state, is doomed because it lacks basic moral legitimacy. Its normative and territorial construction on the African colonial state, itself a legal and moral nullity, is the fundamental reason for its failure. The author argues that, at independence, the West decolonized the colonial state, not the African peoples subject to it. In other words, the right to self-determination was exercised not by the victims of colonization but their victimizers, the elites who control the international state system
Terrorism and Human Rights: Power, Culture, and Subordination
No full textThis piece analyzes the effects of the global war on terror in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. The author argues that under the pretext of a global war on terrorism, the United States has set out to dominate the globe in a campaign that will undoubtedly influence human rights, and diminish their respect and enforcement. Human rights will now be defined by the United States to exclude and narrow them while putting pressure on large international institutions such as the United Nations to subordinate itself to other American interests. Thinkers and advocates should work together to craft a human rights movement with cross-cultural legitimacy. The piece contends that the so-called global war on terror should not be used to exclude the contributions of non-European intellectuals and societies in the quest for a more universal human rights movement
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