104,907 research outputs found
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Produces Speech Arrest but Not Song Arrest
No full textTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a tool that can be used to disrupt cortical processing for a few tens of milliseconds and, when combined with cognitive paradigms, can be used to look at the role of specific brain regions. TMS can be described as a way of creating virtual neuropsychological patients, but can also extend these findings. It can be delivered focally in time and therefore has the advantage of being able to provide information about the time course of cortical events. In addition, because “virtual lesions” are transient, the interpretation of behavioral effects are not complicated by the functional recovery that results when a damaged brain reorganizes.(Introduction
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in studies of vision, attention and cognition
No full textTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be conceptualized as a virtual lesion technique, capable of disrupting organized cortical activity, transiently and reversibly. The technique combines good spatial and temporal resolution and, moreover, because it represents an interference technique, can be said to have excellent functional resolution. The following is a review and discussion of the contribution which TMS has made to the study of vision, attention, development and plasticity and speech and language
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Blood donors' long-term health : implications for transfusion safety
No full textContinuous attention to transfusion safety through improvement of disease screening and donor selection has succeeded in reducing the risks of transfusion transmitted disease to practically immeasurable levels. Despite this progress, surprisingly little is known about disease occurrence among blood donors and whether there are possible long-term effects of repeated whole-blood or apheresis donation. Several investigations have addressed possible inadvertent non-infectious health effects of blood transfusions per se, but to date there is no conclusive evidence regarding whether blood transfusions from donors with preclinical cancer can result in cancer development in the recipient. To address such research questions, we assembled the Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions (SCANDAT) database, containing detailed data on blood donors and their donations, with transfusions and transfusion recipients encompassing more than three decades. All studies described in this thesis were based on this database.In the first study, we describe the creation of the SCANDAT database and its contents, as well as the results from our analyses of its quality. In total, the database contains 1,134,290 donors with 15,091,280 donations, and 1,311,079 recipients with 11,693,844 recorded transfusions. Although direct evaluations of data quality were not possible, we assessed quality by various indirect methods and judged the database to be of a sufficiently high standard for epidemiological research investigations.In the second study, we compared the mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of 1,110,329 blood donors to the rates in background population. The relative risks were expressed as standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and standardized incidence ratios (SIR). Blood donors had an overall mortality 30% lower (99% confidence interval [CI] 29%-31%) and cancer incidence 4% lower (99% CI 2%-5%) than the background population. Furthermore, blood donors recruited in more recent years exhibited a lower relative mortality than those who started earlier.Within the cohort of blood donors from the second study, the third study was conducted using a nested case-control design. Relative risks of cancer in relation to number of donations made, or iron loss endured, was estimated with conditional logistic regression. We identified a total of 10,866 donors who were diagnosed with a malignancy between their first recorded blood donation and study termination and selected 107,140 individually matched controls. We found no clear association between number of donations and risk of cancer overall. The risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was increased among frequent plasma donors, the odds ratio among donors with ≥20 plasma donations relative to those with Of the 354,094 transfusion recipients eligible for analysis in the fourth study, 12,012 (3.4%) were exposed to blood products from donors who developed cancer within 5 years. The relative risk of cancer overall comparing recipients of blood from precancerous donors to recipients of blood from non-cancerous donors was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.94-1.07). We also did not find any excess risk when we considered the site and severity of the cancer in the donor, nor when we assessed site-specific cancer risks among the recipients.List of scientific papersI. Edgren G, Hjalgrim H, Tran TN, Rostgaard K, Shanwell A, Titlestad K, Jakobsson L, Gridley G, Wideroff L, Jersild C, Adami J, Melbye M, Reilly M, Nyrén O (2006). A population-based binational register for monitoring long-term outcome and possible disease concordance among blood donors and recipients. Vox Sang. 91(4): 316-23 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17105607II. Edgren G, Tran TN, Hjalgrim H, Rostgaard K, Shanwell A, Titlestad K, Wikman A, Norda R, Jersild C, Wideroff L, Gridley G, Adami J, Melbye M, Nyrén O, Reilly M (2007). Improving health profile of blood donors as a consequence of transfusion safety efforts. Transfusion. 47(11): 2017-24 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17958530III. Edgren G, Reilly M, Hjalgrim H, Tran TN, Rostgaard K, Adami J, Titlestad K, Shanwell A, Melbye M, Nyrén O (2007). Repeated blood donation, iron loss and risk of cancer. [Submitted]IV. Edgren G, Hjalgrim H, Reilly M, Tran TN, Rostgaard K, Shanwell A, Titlestad K, Adami J, Wikman A, Jersild C, Gridley G, Wideroff L, Nyrén O, Melbye M (2007). Risk of cancer after blood transfusion from donors with subclinical cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 369(9574): 1724-30 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17512857</p
Contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Country’S H-Index
No full textThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on country’s scientific ranking as measured by H-index. Moreover, this study applies ICT development sub-indices including ICT Use, ICT Access and ICT skill to find the distinct effect of these sub-indices on country’s H-index. To this purpose, required data for the panel of 14 Middle East countries over the period 1995 to 2009 is collected. Findings of the current study show that ICT development increases the H-index of the sample countries. The results also indicate that ICT Use and ICT Skill sub-indices positively contribute to higher H-index but the effect of ICT access on country’s H-index is not clear
Fully Turbulent Mean Velocity Profile for Purely Viscous non-Newtonian Fluids
No full textThe characteristic near wall behavior of turbulent flow of purely-viscous non-Newtonian fluids is discussed for both power-law (P.-L.) and Herschel-Bulkley (H.-B.) rheological models. A proper scaling is presented for H.-B. fluids to establish an analogy with power-law fluids with same flow index. To provide reference data for turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids, DNS simulations of power-law fluids are conducted in a rectangular channel for a large range of power-law indices ( = 0.5, 0.69, 0.75, 0.9, 1, 1.2). The DNS data show that the mean velocity profile in the viscous and logarithmic layers follow expressions of the form and respectively, where shows a logarithmic dependency on the flow index.Comparison with some experimental data shows the above formulation to be valid for Reynolds numbers (based on shear velocity) as high as 1000
- …
