222 research outputs found
Bill Harney and Jane Goodale, American anthropologist, with a Tiwi Island ceremonial pole, Melville Island, 1954 [picture].
No full textTitle based on information from acquisition documentation and from caption on verso.; Part of collection: Collection of photographs of author and bushman, Bill Harney, ca. 1940-1962.; Condition: Fold and creases on lower right corner.; Jane Goodale, from the university of Pennsylvania and a member of the National Geographic Scientific Expedition to Melville Island, had interest in customs and social position of islander women. Bill Harney was a guide to the expedition.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3705444; Purchased from Michael Treloar Antiquarian Booksellers, List 90, Lot 64, 2006
Flight initiation distance as a behavioral indicator of hunting pressure: a case study of the Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) in Xishuangbanna, SW China
No full textTraditional assessments of anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity often ignore hunting pressure or use subjective categories (e.g. high, medium or low) that cannot be readily understood by readers or replicated in other studies. Although animals often appear tame in habitats without hunting compared to habitats with hunting, few studies have demonstrated such effects. We determined the flight initiation distance (FID; i.e. human-animal distance when the animal begins to flee) of a common frugivorous bird of Southeast Asia, Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) across a gradient of hunting pressures in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, SW China. Controlling for confounding effects, we show that FID increased with hunting pressure, which was quantitatively measured through encounters with hunters. As FIDs respond more specifically to hunting than other defaunation metrics, we suggest they can be used as behavioral indicators of hunting pressure in developing conservation strategies.Rachakonda Sreekar, Eben Goodale and Rhett D. Harriso
Elaine Goodale Eastman, Modernist Author? Re-visiting a Border-crossing Woman Writer's Place in Literary History
No full textElaine Goodale Eastman is not a name generally associated with transnational literary modernism. Yet, a review of her extensive oeuvre demonstrates that her writings interacted in diverse complex ways with that cultural movement. She wrote in a range of genres, including lyric poetry, journalism, didactic children's books and what she herself termed "potboilers" aimed primarily at supporting her family's finances. As an editor and co-author with her husband Charles, she contributed to the development of Native American literatures in an intense period of U.S. suppression of indigenous culture--a process in which she played conflicting roles. Through autobiographical texts published late in her life, we see that Eastman continued to have aspirations consistent with a number of modernism's familiar tenets, even as she also struggled to reconcile the intersectional elements in her gendered personal history with both the successes and the limitations of her multi-faceted publishing career. On associe rarement le nom d’Elaine Goodale Eastman au modernisme littéraire transnational. Prise dans son ensemble, toutefois, son oeuvre prolifique peut se lire comme une réponse complexe et variée au mouvement moderniste. Eastman a expérimenté avec divers genres, comme la poésie lyrique, le journalisme ou la littérature enfantine ¿ visée didactique, en sus de produire ce qu’elle considérait comme des « oeuvres alimentaires » destinées ¿ subvenir aux besoins de sa famille. Son travail de rédactrice et sa collaboration avec son époux Charles Eastman ont contribué ¿ l’essor de la littérature amérindienne ¿ une période marquée par la volonté des États-Unis de supprimer la culture indigène, processus auquel l’écrivaine s’est opposée de manière parfois ambivalente. Les écrits autobiographiques publiés tard dans sa carrière montrent que les aspirations d’Eastman ne sont pas sans lien avec celles du modernisme, alors même que l’écrivaine s’efforce de concilier les éléments intersectionnels de son parcours personnel avec les succès et les revers d’une carrière littéraire protéiforme
A Multidimensional Framework for Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Urbanization on Avian Breeding Fitness: Integrating Environmental Factors, Food Resources, and Citizen Science for Species Conservation in Urban Landscapes
No full textUrbanization is one of the defining issues of the Anthropocene, leading to dramatic transformation of land-cover patterns all around the Earth. This transformation has detrimental effects on global biodiversity and threatens the carrying capacity of our ecosystems. Three key environmental issues are associated with urbanization. First, urbanization affects ecosystem functioning and, particularly where it becomes more intense, it often results in reduced species richness and abundance. Second, the urban heat-island effect (UHI) and sensory pollutants such as noise pollution and artificial light at night (ALAN) cause detrimental effects on wildlife by advancing breeding dates, impairing communication and reducing breeding fitness. Third, urbanization can also imply a reduction in available food resources that is commonly perceived as the main constraint to breeding fitness for urban organisms — usually referred to as the food limitation hypothesis. The overall aims of this study were therefore to investigate how these different factors directly and indirectly interact, and their relative importance in shaping the fitness of wild organisms. The Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica is a perfect model species to study these questions. This human commensal is one of the few species that has coexisted with humans for thousands of years, and in China it is regarded as a symbol of good luck. It is also an aerial insectivore that benefits farmlands and croplands and controls urban pest populations, and its diet overlaps with many other insectivores, making the results applicable to a wide range of urban species. Moreover, Barn Swallow populations and other aerial insectivores are experiencing steep declines all around the world. Investigating the current status of Barn Swallow rural and urban populations, its interactions with humans, and deepening our understanding on the consequences of increased urbanization, are thus top research priorities. Here, I first developed a multidimensional framework to act as a theoretical foundation for understanding how different facets of the urban ecosystem interact to affect bird breeding fitness. In my first field project, I collected Barn Swallow breeding data regarding laying dates, clutch size, number of hatchling and fledgling, hatching and fledging success, and insect biomass at the colony level, quantifying environmental variables and dietary composition for active nests (N=53) at the nest and colony level. The results showed that urbanization and laying behavior were directly related to insect abundance, phenological mismatch and diet of Barn Swallows while UHI was indirectly related to phenological mismatch and diet. Finally, direct negative effects of insect diets (e.g., flies) on fledging success of Barn Swallows, and indirect positive effects on fledging success of later laying date were recorded. In the second field project, I used Barn Swallow nesting locations from a nationwide citizen science as well as associated environmental variables at the site and landscape levels. This study revealed that UHI effects at the site scale, and ALAN and road simplicity at the landscape scale were positively associated with Barn Swallow nest abundance while building year had a negative impact on Barn Swallow nests. Overall, results suggest Barn Swallow can respond to these mixed effects at multiple spatial scales and efficiently adapt to various environmental conditions across the urbanized landscape. The studies presented in this thesis demonstrated that adopting a multidimensional framework in urban ecology can lead to a comprehensive understanding of both direct and indirect, as well as positive and negative effects of urbanization and environmental factors on species’ habitat selection and breeding parameters. Utilizing a multidimensional framework also enables us to plan and design urban environments in order to minimize the adverse impacts of urbanization for both biodiversity and people
Horizontal and vertical species turnover in tropical birds in habitats with differing land use
No full textLarge tracts of tropical rainforests are being converted into intensive agricultural lands. Such anthropogenic disturbances are known to reduce species turnover across horizontal distances. But it is not known if they can also reduce species turnover across vertical distances (elevation), which have steeper climatic differences. We measured turnover in birds across horizontal and vertical sampling transects in three land-use types of Sri Lanka: protected forest, reserve buffer and intensive-agriculture, from 90 to 2100 m a.s.l. Bird turnover rates across horizontal distances were similar across all habitats, and much less than vertical turnover rates. Vertical turnover rates were not similar across habitats. Forest had higher turnover rates than the other two habitats for all bird species. Buffer and intensive-agriculture had similar turnover rates, even though buffer habitats were situated at the forest edge. Therefore, our results demonstrate the crucial importance of conserving primary forest across the full elevational range available.Rachakonda Sreekar, Richard T. Corlett, Salindra Dayananda, Uromi Manage Goodale, Adam Kilpatrick, Sarath W. Kotagama, Lian Pin Koh, Eben Goodal
Drivers of bird beta diversity in the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot are scale dependent: roles of land use, climate, and distance
No full textPublished: 23 May 2020In the last 50 years, intensive agriculture has replaced large tracts of rainforests. Such changes in land use are driving niche-based ecological processes that determine local community assembly. However, little is known about the relative importance of these anthropogenic niche-based processes, in comparison to climatic niche-based processes and spatial processes such as dispersal limitation. In this study, we use a variation partitioning approach to determine the relative importance of land-use change (ranked value of forest loss), climatic variation (temperature and precipitation), and distance between transects, on bird beta diversity at two different spatial scales within the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. Our results show that the drivers of local community assembly are scale dependent. At the larger spatial scale, distance was more important than climate and land use for bird species composition, suggesting that dispersal limitation over the Palk Strait, which separates the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, is the main driver of local community assembly. At the smaller scale, climate was more important than land use, suggesting the importance of climatic niches. Therefore, to conserve all species in a biodiversity hotspot, it is important to consider geographic barriers and climatic variation along with land-use change.Rachakonda Sreekar, Lian Pin Koh, Christos Mammides, Richard T. Corlett, Salindra Dayananda, Uromi M. Goodale, Sarath W. Kotagama, Eben Goodal
Age of smile: a cross-cultural replication report of Ganel and Goodale (2018).
No full textYoshimura N, Morimoto K, Murai M, et al. Age of smile: a cross-cultural replication report of Ganel and Goodale (2018). Journal of cultural cognitive science. 2021.Smiling is believed to make people look younger. Ganel and Goodale (Psychon Bull Rev 25(6):612-616, 10.3758/s13423-017-1306-8, 2018) proposed that this belief is a misconception rooted in popular media, based on their findings that people actually perceive smiling faces as older. However, they did not clarify whether this misconception can be generalized across cultures. We tested the cross-cultural validity of Ganel and Goodale's findings by collecting data from Japanese and Swedish participants. Specifically, we aimed to replicate Ganel and Goodale's study using segregated sets of Japanese and Swedish facial stimuli, and including Japanese and Swedish participants in groups asked to estimate the age of either Japanese or Swedish faces (two groups of participants*two groups of stimuli; four groups total). Our multiverse analytical approach consistently showed that the participants evaluated smiling faces as older in direct evaluations, regardless of the facial stimuli culture or their nationality, although they believed that smiling makes people look younger. Further, we hypothesized that the effect of wrinkles around the eyes on the estimation of age would vary with the stimulus culture, based on previous studies. However, we found no differences in age estimates by stimulus culture in the present study. Our results showed that we successfully replicated Ganel and Goodale (2018) in a cross-cultural context. Our study thus clarified that the belief that smiling makes people look younger is a common cultural misconception. © The Author(s) 2021
The effect of land-use on the diversity and mass-abundance relationships of understory avian insectivores in Sri Lanka and southern India
No full textUnderstory avian insectivores are especially sensitive to deforestation, although regional differences in how these species respond to human disturbance may be linked to varying land-use histories. South Asia experienced widespread conversion of forest to agriculture in the nineteenth century, providing a comparison to tropical areas deforested more recently. In Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India, we compared understory insectivores to other guilds, and to insectivores with different vertical strata preferences, both inside mixed-species flocks and for the whole bird community. Overall species richness did not change across the land-use gradient, although there was substantial turnover in species composition between land-use types. We found that the proportion of species represented by insectivores was ~1.14 times higher in forest compared to agriculture, and the proportion of insectivores represented by understory species was ~1.32 times higher in forests. Mass-abundance relationships were very different when analyzed on mixed-species flocks compared to the total community, perhaps indicating reduced competition in these mutualisms. We show that South Asia fits the worldwide pattern of understory insectivores declining with increased land-use intensity, and conclude that these species can be used globally as indicator and/or umbrella species for conservation across different disturbance time scales.Rachakonda Sreekar, Umesh Srinivasan, Christos Mammides, Jin Chen, Uromi Manage Goodale, Sarath Wimalabandara Kotagama, Swati Sidhu & Eben Goodal
Bill Harney with members of Second National Geographic Expedition to Melville Island, ca. 1954 [picture].
No full textTitle based on information from acquisition documentation and caption list on verso.; Part of collection: Collection of photographs of author and bushman, Bill Harney, ca. 1940-1962.; Back row left to right: George Joy (cook), Eric Jolliffe (cartoonist), Dr. Brian Daily (geologist), Bill Harney (guide). Front row left to right : Jane Goodale (anthropologist), Charles P. Mountford (expedition leader), David Parsons (ornithologist). The expedition was sponsored by the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian Institution.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3705155; Purchased from Michael Treloar Antiquarian Booksellers, List 90, Lot 64, 2006
- …
