66 research outputs found
Уровень репрессий в районах Алтая в 1935–1937 гг.: опыт применения статистических методов и ГИС
Full text linkThis article focuses on the analysis of the impact of socio-economic development indicators of Altai region and Oyrot autonomous region on the eve of the Great Purge (1935 — first half of 1937) on the regional intensity of repression. Employing statistical methods (regression analysis), the author verifies the hypothesis that in the areas with the highest level of well-being of the population, the level of repression was also higher. It is established that the turnover and expenditures per capita compared with other economic indicators had the greatest influence on repression levels in Altai and Oyrotia regions. Based on the results of the analysis of regional statistics, the author of the article puts forward a theory that the thesis proclaimed by the Bolsheviks to justify the failure of economic development by the actions of the “enemies” in practice seems untenable, since economically lagging regions were characterised by a relatively low level of repression. In the second part of the article, the author presents a typology of districts of Altai and Oyrotia regions based on the results of cluster analysis of various groups of socio-economic development indicators. Additionally, she substantiates the hypothesis about the influence of the spatial factor on the intensity of repression: the groups of regions of each individual cluster consist mainly of adjacent regions.Статья посвящена анализу влияния социально-экономических показателей развития районов Алтая и Ойротской автономной области накануне Большого террора (1935 — первая половина 1937 г.) на порайонную интенсивность репрессий. При помощи статистических методов (регрессионного анализа) проверяется гипотеза о том, что в районах с наибольшим уровнем благосостояния населения был выше и уровень репрессий. Установлено, что товарооборот и удельные расходы бюджета по сравнению с другими экономическими показателями в наибольшей степени влияли на уровень репрессий в районах Алтая и Ойротии. На основе результатов анализа региональной статистики делается вывод о том, что провозглашаемый большевиками тезис об оправдании неудач экономического развития действиями «врагов» на практике выглядит несостоятельным, так как отстававшие в экономическом отношении районы характеризовались относительно невысоким уровнем репрессий. Во второй части статьи приводится типология районов Алтая и Ойротии, основанная на результатах кластерного анализа различных групп экономических и сельскохозяйственных показателей развития районов: развитые в сельскохозяйственном отношении районы предгорной полосы Алтая; центральная полоса с железнодорожным сообщением; районы запада Алтая с высоким товарооборотом на душу населения; районы с центром в городах; «национальные» районы, где на репрессии оказывал влияние комплекс экономических и политических причин. В каждой группе выделяются определенные экономические факторы, оказывающие наибольшее влияние на уровень репрессий в них. Подтверждается выдвинутая гипотеза о влиянии пространственного фактора на интенсивность репрессий: группы районов каждого отдельного кластера в основном состоят из смежных районов
The Re-birth of Soviet Criminal Law in Post-Soviet Russia
Full text linkUnlike some other Soviet Codes, first acts of the Bolshevist Criminal law were not modeled after the pre-revolutionary imperial codes. In the early Soviet criminal legislation, key juridical categories were replaced by sociological categories. The Marxist-Leninist principle of supremacy of interests of the state over the interests of an individual was envisaged on the legislative level and became a fundamental principle of the Soviet criminal law: crimes against the state were made the gravest ones, and the punishment for these crimes was much heavier than for all other crimes. The principle of analogy allowed criminal prosecution even in the cases, where the offence was not stipulated in the Criminal Code. In 1930s, the trend towards criminal repression intensified. Big changes, including the restoration of the traditional vocabulary of criminal law, the limitation of the doctrine of analogy, the careful analysis of crime in terms of subject and object, took place in the Soviet criminal legislation in 1960, when the new Criminal Code of the RSFSR was adopted. 1990s saw the long-awaited humanization and modernization of Russian criminal law, but situation started to change after the turn of the millennium.Certain cases as well as recently passed pieces of the Russian legislation show the sings of old Soviet attitudes in contemporary Russian criminal law and law enforcement
To the 110 anniversary since the birth of professor E.A.Vasyukova
Full text link110 years ago was born famous scientist, talented teacher and doctor, organizer of public health, honoured worker of science of RSFSR, doctor of medicine, professor Ekaterina Alekseevna Vasyukova. Ekaterina Alekseevna had long and difficult career path - from research assistant to the director of the All-Russian Institute of Experimental Endocrinology(now Endocrinology Research Centre), was head of it for 10 years, a long time was head of the Department of Endocrinology at the Central Institute of Advanced Medical Ministry of Health (now the Academy of Postgraduate Education). She had more than 200 publications, including 14 monographs, collections and algorithms in endocrinology. Under her leadershipthere were defended 16 doctoral and 63 master's theses. The main areas of her research were the methods of diagnostics and treatment of diabetes, Cushing's disease, thyroid diseases, abnormalities of reproductive growth. In 1971 she had identified the current trends in the nativeclinical endocrinology, which were the relationship between the central nervous system and the endocrine glands; immunopathology in endocrinology; study of the prevalence and prevention of diabetes. EkaterinaAlekseevnawassensitive person, a great clinician, a professional teacher. She had great authority and respect among the medical community of our country and abroad
Teaching Soviet law in the 21st century
No full textThis article, addressing the need to cultivate an understanding of the interplay between law and politics, aims to explore the possibility—and necessity—of teaching Soviet law, where this mutually beneficial relationship assumed a particularly palpable form. In doing so, firstly, it analyses how Soviet law was taught both within the Soviet state and abroad historically, locating the main challenges in doing so in lack of academic freedom and immersion in the political context respectively. Secondly, it makes a case for reviving these practices in the modern day as Soviet law can say a lot about Soviet history, law in general and its interaction with politics, and modern legal and political developments in Russia. Thirdly, it provides an indication of how Soviet law can be taught in current times based on the authors’ experiences of designing and teaching courses on Soviet law
SOVIET FAMILY LAW : WOMEN AND CHILD CARE (FROM 1917 TO THE 1940s)
Full text linkIn the Russian Empire, family law did not constitute an independent area of law and was a part of civil law. Family relations were handled by the church. Divorces were hard to get and disapproved of by the church and society. The status of illegitimate children was disfavored; they were not allowed to have the birth status of their mothers or her last name, to inherit the property of the mother and her relatives, nor were their mothers and relatives allowed to inherit from them. Illegitimate children had no right to the father’s financial support or property and could not inherit from him. The Bolsheviks addressed the issue of family law immediately after coming to power in 1917. Their main goal was to repeal pre-revolutionary regulations and to discontinue the Russian Orthodox Church’s leading role in handling marriages and divorces. The first efforts undertaken by the Bolsheviks in the realm of family law were remarkably progressive, namely simplification of the procedures of marriage and divorce, providing women with many rights that were non-existent before October of 1917, elimination of the concept of illegitimacy, and granting the children of unmarried couples rights equal to those of children of officially married parents. In 1920, Soviet Russia became the first state to legalize abortions. Sadly, most positive developments of the early Bolshevik years disappeared in the 1930s–1940s. Family law followed the general pattern of escalation of repression and strengthening of regulations
Enhanced band-edge photoluminescence from MgO passivated ZnO nanocrystals
Full text linkIntense band-edge photoluminescence is observed from ZnO nanocrystals with an average diameter of about 3 nm. It is found that the growth from high temperature (70℃) precursor solution and succeeding surface passivation by MgO layer together lead to a five times enhancement of band-edge luminescence, in comparison to those grown by conventional low-temperature method without surface passivation. It is also found that above-band-gap illumination on the nanocrystals further enhances the luminescence intensity by five times. The strong photo-enhancement is considered to be aided by the reduction of surface non-radiative recombination path
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