1,720,955 research outputs found
The International Court of Justice and the International Customary Law Game of Cards
No full textTheorizing customary international law as a formal source of law makes it possible to think of it as an integrating, anti-particularistic element of the international legal order: a potential antidote to fragmentation. On the other hand, enrolling customary law in the fight against fragmentation entails the need to define as neatly as possible the contours of an orthodox conception of custom as a source of law in a formal sense, and to close ranks around it. The recent International Law Commission’s bid to establish signposts for custom formation and identifi- cation suggests that such an entrenchment has reached an advanced stage of institutionalization. What role is International Court of Justice (ICJ) playing in this respect? The ICJ may wish to make the rest of the international legal milieu believe that there is only one method for finding out custom – its own method – and that may well be its strategy. Be that as it may, one thing is clear: if the ICJ aspires, as it were, to the role of a methodological lighthouse, it must have a recognizable method, one that is intelligible enough to be replicated by other law-applying agencies. The ICJ’s judicial output may lead to higher degrees of overall systemic coherence by stimulating uniform application of customary international law in two hypothetical ‘modes-of-play’.The first one,which may be called ‘structural’, would consist in working out a method for the identification of customary rules that is detailed and unambiguous enough as to reduce the risks of divergent rulings by other courts and tribunals to a minimum. On this score one is always tempted to argue that the intrinsic indeterminacy of the customary process places limits on attempts at defining bright-line criteria. This paper tries to dispel this ordinary misconception. The second mode-of-play, which may be described as ‘incremental’, would not commit the ICJ to go beyond a broad-brush characterization of the customary process like the one that made its judgment in the 'North Sea Continental Shelf' cases so prominent. The Court’s opinions about the content of customary law would be widely accepted not on account of the method underpinning them – which may well remain a mystery, or be just a bluff – but as a consequence of the Court’s authoritativeness. In this paper, I contend that the ICJ has acted with extreme caution on both fronts, thus failing to strengthen or stabilize international law’s putative ‘centre’. In the tense atmosphere so typical of the international customary law poker game, the Court has been playing its cards close to its chest. And the attitude of its fellow players – the International Law Commission (ILC), doctrine, and States – is not fundamentally different. Not blessed with a good hand, the ILC and doctrine sit nervously at the table and keep a watchful eye on States and the Court, both of which wear a poker face. Here I say something about the vain search for a ‘framework custom’, understood as the product of a uniform practice of States concerning the identification of customary rules, taking into account, inter alia, the first reactions of States to the inquisitive attitude lately taken by the ILC in its work on the topic. Afterwards, I try to expose the predicament of international legal doctrine, suspended as it is between a scientific outlook on the game and an emotional approach to the authority of the ICJ, before concluding by imagining what a showdown would reveal about the players’ cards
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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