1,721,162 research outputs found
Quantitative measurement of udder oedema in dairy cows using ultrasound to monitor the effectiveness of diuretic treatment with furosemide
No full textQuantitative measurement of udder oedema in dairy cows using ultrasound to monitor the effectiveness of diuretic treatment with furosemide
The aim of this study was to record the course of peripartal udder oedema with ultrasonography in dairy cows and to investigate the therapeutic effects of diuretic furosemide. For this purpose, a device with a force sensor for the ultrasound probe was developed, which ensured the generation of data under similar pressure conditions and thereby repeatable and comparable results. In a pretrial with ten cows, ultrasonographic measurements were performed daily at four locations per udder quarter beginning 14 days ante partum until 14 d post partum. The main study included 50 dairy cows. The experimental group (n=25) received 500 mg furosemide intramuscularly on the day of calving, as well as on the first and second day post partum. The control group (n=25) was treated with 10 mL 0,9 % sodium chloride solution (NaCl) at the same timepoints. The experimental period was extended from 21 days ante partum until 21 days post partum and included 15 ultrasonographic measurements at three-day intervals. The measurements were performed at the teat base, which turned out to be the most suitable location in the pretrial. Quarter milk samples were collected on the day of calving, 7 and 14 days post partum. The average thickness of the udder oedema between the group treated with furosemide and the control group did not differ. In conclusion, a method for the ultrasonographic measurement of udder oedema under comparable applied forces was established. The teat base turned out to be a suitable location to monitor the characteristic temporal course of udder oedema. In the present study, treatment with furosemide did not have a measurable, positive effect on the severity of the udder oedema post partum in the study animals. Finally, further studies with a higher sample size are necessary to confirm this relationship.Quantitative Messung von Euterödemen bei Milchkühen mittels Ultraschall zur Kontrolle der Wirksamkeit einer diuretischen Therapie mit Furosemid
Ziel dieser Studie war, den Verlauf von peripartalen Euterödemen bei Milchkühen mittels Ultraschall zu messen und den therapeutischen Effekt des Diuretikums Furosemid zu untersuchen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Aufsatz mit Drucksensor für die Ultraschallsonde entwickelt, welcher Messungen unter ähnlichen Druckverhältnissen und somit wiederholbare und vergleichbare Ergebnisse ermöglichte. Im Rahmen eines Vorversuchs wurden bei 10 Kühen täglich in einem Zeitraum von 14 Tagen ante partum bis 14 Tagen post partum Ultraschallmessungen an vier Lokalisationen pro Euterviertel durchgeführt. Der Hauptversuch fand an 50 Kühen statt. Den Tieren der Versuchsgruppe (n=25) wurde am Tag der Kalbung und am ersten und zweiten Tag post partum jeweils 500 mg Furosemid intramuskulär verabreicht. Die Tiere der Kontrollgruppe (n=25) erhielten 10 ml 0,9 % Natriumchlorid-Lösung gleichermaßen. Der Versuchszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 21. Tag ante partum bis zum 21. Tag post partum. In dieser Zeit wurden 15 Ultraschallmessungen im Abstand von jeweils drei Tagen an der Zitzenbasis durchgeführt. Diese Position war im Vorversuch als beste Messlokalisation identifiziert worden. Zusätzlich wurden Viertelgemelksproben am Tag der Abkalbung, an Tag 7 und an Tag 14 genommen. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen subklinischen Mastitiden und der Ausprägung des Euterödems konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Die durchschnittliche Euterödemdicke unterschied sich nicht zwischen der Furosemid- und der Kontrollgruppe. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass eine Methode zur Messung von Euterödemen mittels Ultraschall etabliert werden konnte. Die Zitzenbasis erscheint die optimale Messlokalisation für Untersuchungen zum Verlauf von Euterödemen zu sein. In der vorliegenden Studie hatte die Behandlung mit Furosemid keinen messbaren positiven Effekt auf die Ausprägung des Euterödems bei Milchkühen. Allerdings sind weitere Untersuchungen mit einer größeren Stichprobe nötig, um diesen Zusammenhang abschließend zu klären.Mesure quantitative par ultrasons de l’œdème de la mamelle chez les vaches laitières pour contrôler l’efficacité d’un traitement diurétique au furosémide
Le but de la présente étude était d’enregistrer l’évolution de l’œdème de la mamelle périnatal par échographie chez les vaches laitières et d’étudier les effets thérapeutiques du diurétique furosémide. À cette fin, un appareil avec un capteur de force pour la sonde à ultrasons a été développé, ce qui a assuré la génération de données dans des conditions de pression similaires et ainsi des résultats reproductibles et comparables. Dans un essai préliminaire avec dix vaches, des mesures échographiques ont été effectuées quotidiennement à quatre endroits par quartier à partir de 14 jours ante partum jusqu’à 14 jours post partum. L’étude principale portait sur 50 vaches laitières. Le groupe expérimental (n=25) a reçu 500 mg de furosémide par voie intramusculaire le jour du vêlage ainsi que les premier et deuxième jours post-partum. Le groupe témoin (n = 25) a été traité avec 10 ml de solution de chlorure de sodium à 0,9 % (NaCl) aux mêmes moments. La période expérimentale a été étendue de 21 jours ante partum jusqu’à 21 jours post partum et comprenait 15 mesures échographiques à trois jours d’intervalle. Les mesures ont été effectuées à la base du trayon, qui s’est avérée être l’emplacement le plus approprié dans la phase préliminaire. Des échantillons de lait de chaque quartier ont été prélevés le jour du vêlage, 7 et 14 jours post-partum. L’épaisseur moyenne de l’œdème de la mamelle entre le groupe traité au furosémide et le groupe témoin ne différait pas. En conclusion, une méthode de mesure échographique de l’œdème de la mamelle sous des forces appliquées comparables a été établie. La base du trayon s’est avérée être un endroit approprié pour surveiller l’évolution temporelle caractéristique de l’œdème de la mamelle. Dans la présente étude, le traitement au furosémide n’a pas eu d’effet positif mesurable sur la gravité de l’œdème de la mamelle post-partum chez les animaux de l’étude. Enfin, d’autres études avec une taille d’échantillon plus élevée sont nécessaires pour confirmer cette relation.Misurazione quantitativa dell’edema della mammella nelle vacche da latte mediante ultrasuoni per il monitoraggio dell’efficacia del trattamento diuretico con furosemide
Lo scopo di questo studio è di misurare il decorso dell’edema peripartale della mammella utilizzando l’ecografia nelle vacche da latte e di studiare l’effetto terapeutico del diuretico furosemide. A tale scopo, è stato creato un dispositivo con un sensore di pressione per la sonda a ultrasuoni, che ha permesso delle misurazioni in condizioni di pressione simili e quindi ha ottenuto risultati ripetibili e comparabili. In uno studio preliminare, le misurazioni a ultrasuoni sono state effettuate quotidianamente su 10 vacche, in quattro punti per quarto di mammella, per un periodo che andava da 14 giorni prima del parto fino a 14 giorni dopo il parto. Lo studio principale è stato condotto su 50 vacche da latte. Agli animali del gruppo sperimentale (n=25) sono stati somministrati 500 mg di furosemide per via intramuscolare il giorno del parto e il primo e il secondo giorno post partum. Gli animali del gruppo di controllo (n=25) hanno ricevuto 10 ml di soluzione di cloruro di sodio allo 0,9% allo stesso momento. Il periodo sperimentale è stato prolungato fino a 21 giorni ante partum e 21 giorni post partum e ha incluso 15 misurazioni con gli ultrasuoni effettuate a tre giorni di intervallo. Le misure sono state eseguite alla base del capezzolo, posizione identificata come la migliore per la misurazione nello studio preliminare. I campioni di latte dei quarti sono stati prelevati il giorno del parto, il 7° e il 14° giorno. Non è stato possibile stabilire una correlazione tra la mastite subclinica e la gravità dell’edema della mammella. Inoltre, lo spessore medio dell’edema della mammella non differiva tra il gruppo trattato con furosemide e il gruppo di controllo. In sintesi, è stato possibile realizzare un metodo per misurare l’edema della mammella utilizzando gli ultrasuoni con condizioni di pressione comparabili. La base del capezzolo si è rivelata la posizione ottimale di misurazione per gli studi sulla progressione dell’edema della mammella. Nel presente studio, il trattamento con furosemide non ha avuto alcun effetto positivo misurabile sulla severità dell’edema della mammella post partum nelle vacche da latte. Tuttavia, ulteriori studi con un campione più ampio sono necessari per confermare definitivamente questa relazione
The neonatal marmoset monkey ovary is very primitive exhibiting many oogonia
No full textOogonia are characterized by diploidy and mitotic proliferation. Human and mouse oogonia express several factors such as OCT4, which are characteristic of pluripotent cells. In human, almost all oogonia enter meiosis between weeks 9 and 22 of prenatal development or undergo mitotic arrest and subsequent elimination from the ovary. As a consequence, neonatal human ovaries generally lack oogonia. The same was found in neonatal ovaries of the rhesus monkey, a representative of the old world monkeys (Catarrhini). By contrast, proliferating oogonia were found in adult prosimians (now called Strepsirrhini), which is a group of ‘lower’ primates. The common marmoset monkey (
Callithrix jacchus
) belongs to the new world monkeys (Platyrrhini) and is increasingly used in reproductive biology and stem cell research. However, ovarian development in the marmoset monkey has not been widely investigated. Herein, we show that the neonatal marmoset ovary has an extremely immature histological appearance compared with the human ovary. It contains numerous oogonia expressing the pluripotency factors OCT4A, SALL4, and LIN28A (LIN28). The pluripotency factor-positive germ cells also express the proliferation marker MKI67 (Ki-67), which has previously been shown in the human ovary to be restricted to premeiotic germ cells. Together, the data demonstrate the primitiveness of the neonatal marmoset ovary compared with human. This study may introduce the marmoset monkey as a non-human primate model to experimentally study the aspects of primate primitive gonad development, follicle assembly, and germ cell biology
in vivo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
