288 research outputs found
Structuring national and sub-national economic incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation in Indonesia
No full textWe estimate the impacts that alternative national and sub-national economic incentive structures for reducing emissions from deforestation (REDD+) in Indonesia would have had on greenhouse gas emissions and national and local revenue if they had been in place from 2000-2005. The impact of carbon payments on deforestation is calibrated econometrically from the pattern of observed deforestation and spatial variation in the benefits and costs of converting land to agriculture over that time period. We estimate that at an international carbon price of $10/tCO2e, a “basic voluntary incentive structure” modeled after a traditional payment-for-ecosystem-services (PES) program would have reduced emissions nationally by 62 MtCO2e/yr, or 8% below the without-REDD+ reference scenario (95% CI: 45-76 MtCO2e/yr; 6-9%), while generating a programmatic budget shortfall. By making four policy improvements—paying for net emission reductions at the scale of an entire district rather than site-by-site, paying for reductions relative to estimated business-as-usual levels rather than historical levels, sharing a portion of district-level revenues with the national government, and sharing a portion of the national government’s responsibility for costs with districts—an “improved voluntary incentive structure” would have reduced emissions by 175 MtCO2e/yr, or 22% below the reference scenario (95% CI: 136-207 MtCO2e/yr; 17-26%), while generating a programmatic budget surplus. A “regulatory incentive structure” such as a cap-and-trade or symmetric tax-and-subsidy program would have reduced emissions by 211/yr, or 26% below the reference scenario (95% CI: 163-247 MtCO2e/yr; 20-31%), and would not have required accurate predictions of business-as-usual emissions to guarantee a programmatic budget surplus.Climate change, land-use change, REDD+, reference levels, economic incentives
REDD plus governance needs a driver and more fuel. The case of Quintana Roo, Mexico
No full textREDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) is a mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the forest sector in developing countries. REDD+ has evolved from an original market approach that focused on buyers, sellers and a marketplace for carbon credits to a mechanism that also seeks to achieve non-carbon benefits such as biodiversity conservation and creation of socio-economic benefits. The sources of REDD+ financing have been public from both international donors and domestic sources. REDD+ now encourages land-use policies for addressing the underlying causes of deforestation external to the forest sector. REDD+ includes three phases: 1) readiness, during which national strategies are developed, forest reference levels are measured, and monitoring and safeguard systems are created; 2) early implementation, during which pilot activities are implemented to reduce deforestation at sub-national level and 3) results-based payments, which will provide financial compensation for verifiable results measured against forest reference levels. REDD+ governance involves actors at multiple government levels and from multiple sectors. Using an evaluation framework derived from the polycentric governance model, this thesis assesses the quality of governance in REDD+ in Quintana Roo, Mexico in terms of actors’ influence in decision-making, information sharing, knowledge exchange, financial coordination, conflict resolution, and creation of trust. The researcher conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with members of the REDD+ Work Group (government officers), the REDD+ Advisory Council (sector representatives) and ejidos (property regime where communities own collectively land and resources). The data were collected from July to December 2018. This research concludes that REDD+ governance in Quintana Roo needs a driver and more fuel. The driver will be one or a few specific actors who will direct the decision-making and implementation processes while promoting actors’ influence in decision-making, information sharing, knowledge exchange, financial coordination, conflict resolution and creation of trust. REDD+ early implementation (phase 2) also needs more fuel. In other words, more financial resources should be invested in activities to achieve significant results in reduction of deforestation and generating socio-economic benefits so the potential benefits of forest management can be more convincingly demonstrated.CONACY
REDD Mitigation
No full textAbstractTropical deforestation is a major driver of climate change accounting for ∼12% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. A mitigation strategy named Reduction Emission from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) has been developed to tackle emissions due to forest loss in developing countries. REDD will be the core instrument in any post-2012 climate agreement according to the final document of the 15th UN Conference of the Parties. Nonetheless, REDD's implementation presents several political and scientific challenges. A review of current and future deforestation estimates in terms of forest surface change, carbon densities, and carbon fluxes is under preparation to aid the scientific community. REDD mitigation potential estimates and a case study have also been examined. Preliminary results of this review are presented
Linking forests and food production in the REDD+ context
No full textGovernments implementing REDD+ programmes must address agriculture, which is the primary driver of global forest clearing, to reach REDD+ carbon emission mitigation targets. Current REDD+ readiness activities illustrate there are serious obstacles to creating meaningful
cross-sector links able to alter strong economic forces and existing government targets and mandates
Vi klarer ikke å ha et sånt tilbud uten de frivillige! : Evaluering av Redd Barnas frivillige arbeid med barn på krisesenter
No full textHvert år bor det mellom 1500 og 2000 barn på norske krisesentre1. Redd Barna driver frivillige aktiviteter og arrangementer i hele landet, med mål om å skape en bedre og mer aktiv hverdag for både barn som bor på asylmottak, flyktningbarn som nylig er blitt bosatt i kommuner, og barn som bor på krisesenter. Arbeidet har sitt utgangspunkt i barnekonvensjonens artikkel 31 om retten til lek og fritid, artikkel 2 om retten til ikke å bli diskriminert, og artikkel 6 om retten til optimal utvikling. Denne rapporten oppsummerer funn fra evalueringen av det frivillige arbeidet Redd Barna gjør på krisesentre, og fokuserer på organisering og gjennomføring av aktivitetene og verdien av Redd Barnas aktivitetstilbud.publishedVersio
REDD in the Carbon Market: A General Equilibrium Analysis
No full textDeforestation is a major source of CO2 emissions, accounting for around 17% of total annual anthropogenic carbon release. While the cost estimates of reducing deforestation rates vary considerably depending on model assumptions, it is widely accepted that emissions reductions from avoided deforestation consist of a relatively low cost mitigation option. Halting deforestation is therefore not only a major ecological challenge, but also a great opportunity to cost effectively reduce climate change negative impacts. In this paper we analyze the impact of introducing avoided deforestation credits into the European carbon market using a multiregional Computable General Equilibrium model – the ICES model (Inter-temporal Computable Equilibrium System). Taking into account political concerns over a possible “flooding” of REDD credits, various limits to the number of REDD allowances entering the carbon market are considered. Finally, unlike previous studies, we account for both direct and indirect effects occurring on land and timber markets resulting from lower deforestation rates. We conclude that avoided deforestation notably reduces climate change policy costs - by approximately 80% with unlimited availability of REDD credits - and may drastically reduce carbon prices. Policy makers may, however, effectively control for these imposing limits to avoided deforestation credits use. Moreover, avoided deforestation has the additional positive effect of reducing carbon leakage of a unilateral European climate change policy. This is good news for the EU, but not necessarily for REDD regions. Indeed we show that REDD revenues are not sufficient to compensate REDD regions for a less leakage-affected and more competitive EU in international markets. In fact, REDD regions would prefer to free ride on the EU unilateral mitigation policy.Forestry, Avoided Deforestation, Climate Change, Emission Trading, General Equilibrium Modelling
Livelihood Implications of Redd+ and Costs-Benefits of Agricultural Intensification in Redd+ Pilot Area of Kilosa, Tanzania
No full textAgriculture is the primary driver of deforestation and degradation. This makes addressing deforesting and
degrading agricultural practices highly pertinent in the REDD+ planning and implementation. REDD+ interventions
target to mitigate deforestation and degradation by addressing underlying drivers such agricultural expansion into
forestland. In tropical Africa, encroachment of forests in search of fertile virgin land has been a common practice.
Inevitably, the REDD+ processes will impact on the local livelihoods in different ways – positive and negative. The
local-level land use plans promoted under REDD+ are likely to alter how much land a farmer would access and where.
Different groups of the poor will be affected differently. Land use alterations will impact on the local food security
and food systems at large. In view of such impacts, compensations are made integral of REDD+ programming and
delivery. REDD+ projects promote agricultural intensiication practices such as conservation agriculture in order to
attain higher food production per unit land while mitigating deforestation and degradation. As REDD+ concept is
being piloted in the country, we have limited understanding of the livelihood implications of REDD+ interventions.
Furthermore, local-scale economic viability of measures used to address drivers of deforestation and degradation
such as agricultural expansion is empirically not well understood. This paper is a modest attempt to illuminate the
livelihood implications of REDD+ interventions and estimate the economic viability of agricultural intensification
practices in the REDD+ pilot area in Kilosa district, Tanzania
Livelihood Implications of Redd+ and Costs-Benefits of Agricultural Intensification in Redd+ Pilot Area of Kilosa, Tanzania
No full textAgriculture is the primary driver of deforestation and degradation. This makes addressing deforesting and
degrading agricultural practices highly pertinent in the REDD+ planning and implementation. REDD+ interventions
target to mitigate deforestation and degradation by addressing underlying drivers such agricultural expansion into
forestland. In tropical Africa, encroachment of forests in search of fertile virgin land has been a common practice.
Inevitably, the REDD+ processes will impact on the local livelihoods in different ways – positive and negative. The
local-level land use plans promoted under REDD+ are likely to alter how much land a farmer would access and where.
Different groups of the poor will be affected differently. Land use alterations will impact on the local food security
and food systems at large. In view of such impacts, compensations are made integral of REDD+ programming and
delivery. REDD+ projects promote agricultural intensiication practices such as conservation agriculture in order to
attain higher food production per unit land while mitigating deforestation and degradation. As REDD+ concept is
being piloted in the country, we have limited understanding of the livelihood implications of REDD+ interventions.
Furthermore, local-scale economic viability of measures used to address drivers of deforestation and degradation
such as agricultural expansion is empirically not well understood. This paper is a modest attempt to illuminate the
livelihood implications of REDD+ interventions and estimate the economic viability of agricultural intensification
practices in the REDD+ pilot area in Kilosa district, Tanzania
Towards REDD+ implementation: Deforestation and forest degradation drivers, REDD+ financing, and readiness activities in participant countries
No full textCopyright © 2022 Andoh, Oduro, Park and Lee.This study provides an assessment of dominant drivers of deforestation and forest degradation across 29 REDD+ participant countries and total funds disbursed from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility to 15 participant countries since they signed their respective Readiness Preparation Proposals (R-PPs), as well as what they spent the grants on. This study aims to provide information for policymakers and donors on the need to invest in REDD+, as well as the need for participant countries to channel funds to key activities for effectively and efficiently implementing REDD+. The assessment is based on participant countries R-PPs and FCPF readiness fund progress reports, using a content analysis approach. The expansion of agriculture, which includes both commercial and subsistence agriculture, was the predominant driver of deforestation, while logging, such as industrial and small-scale exploitation, was the main driver of forest degradation in most participating countries. In addition, we observed that the 15 participant countries received a total of USD 702.36 million for REDD+ readiness preparation. However, most countries have received less than USD 10 million for their readiness-related activities. We observed a huge disparity regarding the funds received between countries from sub-Saharan Africa and their Asian and Latin American counterparts, particularly Indonesia and Peru, respectively. Furthermore, almost all countries have spent their funds on policy and strategy development, stakeholder and consultation events, and public awareness creation. Relatively small amounts have been spent on capacity building and training. Thus, international donors need to focus on strengthening institutional capacities and building effective forest governance structures in countries participating in REDD+, and they should also provide platforms to engage with participant countries to tackle the main deforestation and forest degradation drivers. We suggest further studies to identify high-performing countries that have received lower-than-average funding, consider their deforestation pressures, the size of forests, and the emission reduction potential.Y
Is REDD+ Redefining Forest Governance in Nepal
No full textAbstract: In this paper, I argue that the Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and enhancing forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD)+ readiness process in Nepal has reconfigured forest governance in subtle ways and posed risks of its recentralization. Powerful actors, especially the government, consultants and donor entities, have influenced the REDD+ process and policy debates, and have jointly marginalized local communities and civil society organizations (CSOs). This paper reveals that Nepal's REDD+ architecture is primarily shaped by imperatives and ambiguities in the international negotiations and funding mechanisms. Building on the theoretical frameworks of institutional interplay, cross-scale institutional linkages, and institutional design, this paper analyses how interplay and interactions of national institutions and stakeholders influence the REDD+ readiness process, its emerging institutional architecture, and decentralized forest governance. The analysis has been informed by evidence from the author's own research and engagement in REDD+ policy processes in Nepal
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