1,720,958 research outputs found
Spread and Cure of Malaria Disease in the Era of Prophet Mohammad ﷺ A Study From Tibb-e-Nabwai ﷺ
Full text linkAbstract
Like many diseases, malaria disease is also a contagious and infectious disease which is spread through the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. In the era of Prophet Mohammad (pbuh), the malaria disease was an endemic disease. At that time, it had adversely affected a large number of people including man, children and women in Mecca and Madinah. Later on, it spreads everywhere. At that time, there was not the vaccine or medicine of the malaria disease. The malaria disease had various reasons for its causes and symptoms. People at that time find very much difficulty in coping with the severity of the malaria disease, due to its devastating effects. The purpose of the study is to find the origination of malaria disease and its effects on the people in the lifetime of Prophet Mohammad (pbuh). As well as the cause from which malaria disease spreads in Mecca and Madinah. The study also discover that how an individual infected with malaria disease were treated at the time of Prophet Mohammad (pbuh). As Allah Almighty has not made any disease of which its cure is not present. As the Prophetic Medicine has a cure of every diseases. The research methodology for conducting a research is qualitative including the primary and secondary sources. The reader will come to know about the historical background of the origination of malaria disease. What are the reasons for its cause and symptoms behind the malaria disease? And then how the infected person is cured from the disease in the life time of Prophet Mohammad (pbuh). Lastly, every individual will come to know that initially every disease when it appears for the first time it is severe until it reaches to its peak. And later on, with the passage of time, the fear of people lessen when its vaccine or medicine is developed. However, every disease in the global history when appeared has caused devastating affects to the human individuals. For human individuals of every age becomes difficult of coping with any of the diseases whether it would be a malaria disease or any other which inflicted to them for the first time.
Muslim Contributions to the Cure of Smallpox: An Analytical Study of Al-Rāzī’s Medical Legacy
Full text linkSmallpox, an epidemic disease with unknown origins, first appeared around 10,000 BCE in Indian subcontinent or north eastern Africa. It spread to Europe and the Islamic world, causing significant death, particularly for children. European explorers brought it to the Americas, causing disastrous consequences. The Variola virus is the source of the highly contagious smallpox disease. Smallpox disease which causes fever, exhaustion, and a characteristic skin rash that develops into pus-filled blisters, has a high death rate and has historically caused a great deal of morbidity and mortality. It had affected people of every era. In ancient times, religious figures were also afflicted with the epidemic disease which according to the historians and medical professionals was small pox disease. Variolation was used in Asia before vaccination. The primary means of disease transmission are respiratory droplets and direct contact with contaminated things or diseased people. The purpose of conducting research is to find the history and nature of epidemic small pox disease that had affected. Also, Al-Rāzī’s being a medical professional its work and findings on the epidemic small pox disease. The research also finds the contributions of the personalities in the ways developed for eradicating and getting rid of the deadly epidemic small pox disease. The methodology adopted for conducting this research is qualitative. Both the primary and the secondary sources are used for carrying out the research. The reader will come to know that by creating a vaccine against an epidemic smallpox using material from cowpox lesions, Edward Jenner invented vaccination. In 1980, the WHO proclaimed epidemic smallpox disease to be extinct. One of the biggest triumphs in the field of public health is the elimination of smallpox disease. Al-Rāzī, a prominent figure in measles and smallpox diagnosis, first differentiated between the two diseases in his book ‘Kitab Al-Judarī wa al-Ḥaṣba’, establishing the foundation for differential diagnosis in medicine. Epidemics in Islam are seen as tests for believers
Concept of Cremation in Sematic Religions and Corona Cremations of Deceased in an Early Phase of Covid-19
Full text linkLike plague, COVID-19 is also a pandemic disease which came in the whole world. Due to its contagious nature, it had widely affected the people all over the globe. Among those people, there were individuals that belong to different faith groups all around. Their dead bodies were maltreated regardless of their family wills and religious beliefs system due to the fear of the spread of disease. So, Cremations were performed immediately of the dead soul in order to keep the living people and the land safe from the disease. It had badly affected the emotions of the people and created state of fear among them. As the dignity of the deceased is honored in all the sematic religions. The purpose of the study is to find that whether the concept of cremation for disposing deceased is permitted or prohibited in the sematic religions and whether the practice of cremation is performed in covid-19 pandemic by the people of different faith groups such as Muslims, Christians and Jews according to their wills. As both the methods of disposing deceased were performed in covid-19 such as burial as well as cremation. The methodology adopted for conducting research is qualitative. It includes both the primary and the secondary sources. The reader will come to know about the concept of cremation in Islam, Christianity, and Jewish religion that are sematic religions and whether the dignity of the deceased is valued in sematic religions. As the deceased rights according to their respective religions shall be performed to which it belongs, as it varies in every religion. Finally, every individual on their part should know that in case of a pandemic situation whether cremation be a final solution or not for saving humanity from the disease as well as its impact on the mourners, family members, and relatives of the deceased and on the community members
Leprosy Disease: An Islamic Historical and Pakistani Context
No full textLeprosy disease or the disease of Hasan is a very chronic and contagious disease which occurs due to bacteria named mycobacterium Leprae. It is one of those ancient diseases which inflicted individuals all over the globe; along with, many people at Arab in early times of Islam. There was no cure of this disease and many people died. It also affected people at the time of Prophet Mohammad (pbuh); as well as, in the Ummayyid and Abbasid dynasties. In Islam, different kinds of terminologies are used for the leprosy disease such as baras and jhadham. All the kinds of leprosy disease such as borderline kind, lepromatous and tubercloid are very severe kind of diseases. It affects an individual psychologically, mentally, physically, socially and economically. In early times, this disease was regarded incurable. But on the other hand, Allah Almighty has not made any disease of which there is no cure. At an early phase the medicine or vaccine for curing patient was not available. However, later on, the medicine of the disease has been developed for its treatment. The purpose of conducting research on Leprosy disease is to find the Islamic account on leprosy disease; along with, the rulings of Islam on those afflicted with leprosy disease. The research also find out that how it affects an individual and what attempts have been made from an early time till now for controlling and combating the disease. The research methodology for carrying out the study is qualitative. The sources used for the study are the primary and secondary sources. The reader will come to know about the causes and effects of leprosy disease. The teachings of Quran and hadith of the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) for the affected lepers. They will also come to know about the preventive and precautionary measures along with initiatives made for the leprosy disease patients. Lastly, they will also come to know that in the global world, Pakistan being the first Asian country recognized by World Health Organization in controlling the disease
Measures to Manage Plague Pandemic during the Reign of Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab (R.A) and Modern Pandemic Covid-19: An Analysis in the Light of Islamic Teachings
Full text linkThere are many diseases that affected the human race from ancient times to modern eras. The most severe of the diseases that occurred in the past was plague of Amwas, an epidemic that came during the rule of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (R.A) in 638–639 CE, the early Islamic kingdom was devastated by the Plague of Amwas, often referred to as the Plague of Emmaus. Estimates claim that tens of thousands of people died as a result of the epidemic, including many well-known Muslim leaders and warriors. Unlike, plague of Amwas, covid-19 is also a modern pandemic that has affected people all around the globe. The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the extremely contagious illness covid-19. It caused a worldwide pandemic after being discovered for the first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Globally, the illness has had a significant influence on daily lives. The study contains both the primary and secondary sources. The purpose of conducting research on both the ancient and modern pandemic i.e. plague of Amwas and covid-19 is to find out what were the precautionary measures adopted for controlling the disease plague of Amwas. The study also investigate the Islamic rulings adopted in earlier time’s alongwith, their implementation in the modern crises of pandemic covid-19. The study found how much it will be helpful in controlling the spread of disease. The researcher came to know that the teachings of Islam are the complete solution for all problems. The researcher also came to know the nature of both the diseases, suffering of the people in the respective times relatively
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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